luxury contemporary real estate for sale Rueil-Malmaison, France

This 191.23 sqm property dating from 2025 is located near the town centre, the schools and the transport networks. Beautifully appointed by an interior decorator and benefiting from home automation, it includes an entry with a glazed lift, a kitchen with dining facilities (to be fitted) opening onto a terrace and a south and east facing garden, and a large garage. The upper floor comprises a 40 sqm living/reception room commanding a superb view of Paris, and three bedrooms with a bathroom are on the second floor. A master suite with a shower room and a study/dressing room commands a panoramic view of the capital. The entresol comprises a 5th bedroom with a shower room/wc, a dressing room and a utility room. Air conditioning, hot-air pump. EPC: B.

On the top floor of a prestigious residence designed by Franco Suisse, this superb 4-room apartment embodies a rare art of living, blending contemporary elegance with openness to the outside. Spanning over 100 m² of living space, it captivates with its generous spaces and brightness. The living area, composed of a living room and an open kitchen, opens wide onto the terraces and balconies, true extensions of the apartment, allowing for cherished moments outdoors. Residents benefit from a spectacular view of all of Paris, including the Eiffel Tower, offering a unique panorama that is highly sought after. The apartment features a harmonious layout that includes three bedrooms, one with a dressing room, a bathroom, a shower room, two separate toilets, and plenty of storage. The finishes are neat and durable: hardwood flooring in the main rooms, aluminum joinery, motorized shutters, home automation equipment, and high-quality finishes. Located in the sought-after Hauts de Suresnes neighborhood, the Villa Louisa residence charms with its elegant stone architecture, refined common areas, and privileged residential environment. It enjoys immediate proximity to shops, schools, and transport, while also providing quick access to La Défense and the heart of Paris. A rare property, combining spaciousness, light, exceptional views, and outdoor spaces, destined for a clientele in search of an exceptional apartment at the gates of the capital.This description has been automatically translated from French.

In the heart of town - Elegant contemporary house with panoramic terrace of over 70sqm. Ideally located in the heart of town, this three-storey house with its sleek architecture and remarkable development potential is currently being offices. It can easily be converted into a luxury family home. The existing structure and generosity of space offer great freedom of layout: vast reception room, open kitchen, several suites or bedrooms, office space, games room or home cinema. The property boasts a number of particularly sought-after features: Balcony on the second floor, extending the living spaces. Superb 70sqm terrace with panoramic views, ideal for receptions and special moments. An outdoor space on the first floor invites you to relax, and three private parking spaces on the grounds. This house will appeal to customers looking for a distinctive residential project or a strategic investment. Its central location guarantees immediate access to shops, schools and infrastructure. A rare opportunity combining premium location, generous volumes and value-added potential. Agency fees payable by vendor - Montant estimé des dépenses annuelles d'énergie pour un usage standard, établi à partir des prix de l'énergie de l'année 2021 : 3850€ ~ 5220€ - Les informations sur les risques auxquels ce bien est exposé sont disponibles sur le site Géorisques : www.georisques.gouv.fr - Martin MOISY HABERT - Agent commercial - EI - RSAC PARIS 899 008 270

Au coeur de Suresnes, à 3 mn du tramway Longchamp/Suresnes et à 5 mn des commerces du centre ville, cette maison de ville atypique édifiée en 2008 dans un esprit 'bateau' sur 6 niveaux offre un double séjour de 45 m2 avec cuisine ouverte équipée, 4 chambres avec balcons, 2 salles de bains, 2 salles d'eau, 4 toilettes et un salon avec cuisine ouverte au dernier étage donnant sur une terrasse d'environ 77 m2 à l'abri des regards. Un garage pour deux véhicules et une pièce de détente en sous-sol complète ce bien. Cette maison contemporaine est conçue avec des matériaux et équipements haut de gamme, dont ascenseur, climatisation révisible, isolation thermique, système de protection et sécurité ultra-performant.

In Puteaux, in the heart of the République district, discover this magnificent 5-room duplex rooftop apartment, located on the top floor of a contemporary, luxury residence. Nestled on a quiet street near the town hall, between the city center and La Défense, this 118 m² Carrez property seduces with its spaciousness, its brightness, and its vast 56 m² northwest-facing terrace. The apartment offers an ideal interior layout for comfortable family living. It consists of an entrance hall, a generous living space including a living room, a dining room, and an open-plan kitchen, as well as two hallways leading to three bedrooms and a master suite with its private bathroom and toilet. A second separate toilet completes the layout. The amenities are of high quality, designed to meet contemporary requirements. This property is located in a small, elegant and modern condominium, benefiting from RT 2020 thermal regulations and two private underground parking spaces. Some apartments in the development benefit from dual orientation, ensuring optimal comfort. The location is ideal: just a 6-minute walk from La Défense metro station (line 1), close to the T2 tram and Puteaux train station. You also benefit from immediate proximity to shops, schools, and the banks of the Seine. This living environment perfectly combines accessibility, tranquility, and urban dynamism. Delivery scheduled for the second quarter of 2028. Photos are not contractual; layout suggestions are provided for illustrative purposes. Contact Caroline: 06 63 07 06 63 Les informations sur les risques auxquels ce bien est exposé sont disponibles sur le site Géorisques : www. georisques. gouv. fr. For more information about this property, please contact our English-speaking staff by telephone (0033499 614472) or e-mail (), quoting reference number 340936422046. To see our range of over 30,000 properties in France, please visit our website: www.capifrance.fr/en Estate Agency CAPIFRANCE – We look forward to finding you your dream home!

PUTEAUX 92800 - Beautiful contemporary 5-room apartment with balcony/terrace, not overlooked, in the heart of Puteaux, offering an exceptional living environment facing the island of Puteaux and the Bois de Boulogne, a few steps from Neuilly-sur-Seine. This bright, south-east facing property combines modernity and comfort with a surface area of over 90 m² + 13m2 terrace + 2 underground parking spaces, in a luxury green residence. It consists of 5 spacious rooms: Entrance with full-height cupboard, a hallway leading to a shower room, a separate toilet, 3 bedrooms with storage, a bathroom with double sink and toilet. The 36 m² living room-kitchen is bathed in sunlight thanks to its large bay windows, offering an unobstructed view. The apartment benefits from a beautiful high ceiling. Quality services include noble and durable materials, sound and thermal insulation to the highest standards, cutting-edge home automation equipment in a secure residence with digital code and videophone - DPE B A Proximity to Transport: - Bus 144 500 m to La Défense. - Bus 175 200 m to Porte de Saint-Cloud - Metro, RER and Belvédère tram 1 km away - Metro lines 1, 15 and RER A 2.5 km to La Défense Nearby Schools: - Elementary school 400 m away - Kindergarten 550 m away - Middle school 950 m away - High school 600 m away Not forgetting leisure activities: - Palais des sports 4 minutes away by bike - Bois de Boulogne 5 minutes away by bike - La Défense 10 minutes away by bike. For more information on this property and others in this elegant style, please contact Caroline on 0663070663. Don't miss this rare opportunity to live in a setting that combines modernity, comfort and prestige. Les informations sur les risques auxquels ce bien est exposé sont disponibles sur le site Géorisques : www. georisques. gouv. fr. For more information about this property, please contact our English-speaking staff by telephone (0033499 614472) or e-mail (), quoting reference number 340938366307. To see our range of over 30,000 properties in France, please visit our website: www.capifrance.fr/en Estate Agency CAPIFRANCE – We look forward to finding you your dream home!

PUTEAUX 92800- Discover this magnificent modern 5-room apartment, not overlooked, in the heart of Puteaux, offering an exceptional living environment facing the island of Puteaux and the Bois de Boulogne, a few steps from Neuilly-sur -Seine. This bright property, facing south-east, combines modernity and comfort with an area of more than 115 m² + 31m2 terraces + 2 underground parking spaces, in a luxury green residence. It consists of 5 spacious rooms, including 4 beautiful bedrooms and a master suite with shower and dressing room, a beautiful entrance, a hallway, plenty of storage space, a laundry room, a bathroom and 2 separate toilets. The 34 m² living room-kitchen is bathed in sunlight thanks to its large bay windows, offering a clear view. The apartment benefits from high ceilings. Quality services include noble and durable materials, sound and thermal insulation to the highest standards, state-of-the-art home automation equipment in a secure residence with digital code and videophone - DPE B A Proximity to Transport: - Bus 144 500 m to La Defense. - Bus 175 at 200 m to Porte de Saint-Cloud - Metro, RER and Belvédère tramway at 1 km - Metro lines 1, 15 and RER A at 2.5 km towards La Défense Schools nearby: - Elementary school at 400 m - Nursery school 550 m away - Middle school 950 m away - High school 600 m away Not forgetting leisure activities: - Palais des sports 4 minutes away by bike - Bois de Boulogne 5 minutes away by bike - La Défense 10 minutes away by bike. For further information for this property and others in this elegant style, please contact Caroline on 0663070663. Don't miss this rare opportunity to live in a setting combining modernity, comfort and prestige. Les informations sur les risques auxquels ce bien est exposé sont disponibles sur le site Géorisques : www. georisques. gouv. fr. For more information about this property, please contact our English-speaking staff by telephone (0033499 614472) or e-mail (), quoting reference number 340930318156. To see our range of over 30,000 properties in France, please visit our website: www.capifrance.fr/en Estate Agency CAPIFRANCE – We look forward to finding you your dream home!

Casavo offers for sale this architect-designed house with 7 rooms of 162 m², 198 m² of living space in Puteaux.Just a stone's throw from the city center, in the quiet of a sought-after residential area, this completely rethought architect-designed house captivates with its contemporary design, exceptional volumes, and brightness.Developing more than 180 m² of living space, it offers a rare living environment, complemented by an independent studio of 20 m² (potential rental income).Level arrangement:• Basement (approx. 20 m²): storage space, playroom or gym• Ground floor: entrance with storage, master suite (bedroom, shower room, WC)• 1st floor: two bedrooms, bathroom with WC, ample storage.• 2nd floor: living room, remote working area, master suite with dressing room and shower room, independent Japanese WC• 3rd floor: equipped La Serap kitchen, dining room opening onto a terrace with unobstructed views of the rooftops of Paris.Triple exposure southeast, southwest, and full south, guaranteeing optimal sunlight throughout the day. Terraces and a small garden of about 30 m² complete the ensemble.High-end features: full air conditioning, heat pump, recent exterior insulation, triple glazing, new roof under ten-year warranty, DPE B, fiber optic. No work required.Immediately close to Republic schools, shops, and transportation (Puteaux station, T2 tram, quick access to La Défense).A rare property in the area, combining premium location, quality of life, and rental potential.Property tax: €1365 per year.This property is marketed by Casavo.Interested in this property? More information on the Casavo website.This description has been automatically translated from French.

Nestled at the end of a private and secure dead-end street, this elegant architect-designed house, in perfect condition, has a surface area of 262 sqm spread over two levels, complemented by a large basement. It is built on a landscaped plot of 732 sqm. On the garden level, the entrance, equipped with storage, opens onto a superb reception area of 46 sqm with a fireplace, bathed in light thanks to large bay windows and benefiting from a ceiling height of over 3 meters. The spacious dining room naturally extends into a fully equipped contemporary kitchen, both offering ground-level access to the terrace and landscaped garden. A first bedroom with its bathroom and toilet, a versatile room (office, gym), as well as independent toilets complete this level. Upstairs, a bright master suite has its own shower room, a dressing room, and direct access to a spacious terrace out of sight. Two other bedrooms complete this level: one has a private bathroom with toilet and access to a separate terrace; the other opens onto the same terrace as the master suite, offering a beautiful continuation of the outdoor spaces. This level is also completed by an office space and independent toilets. A total basement of about 100 sqm houses a laundry room, a large cellar, numerous storage spaces, as well as a garage that can accommodate several vehicles. An old greenhouse converted into a winter lounge rounds off this rare and harmonious property. You will be charmed by the tranquility, brightness, quality of the outdoor spaces, the excellent general condition, and the charm of this property. The roof was completely redone less than a year ago. Exclusive Martin MOISY-HABERT (EI) Agent commercial - Numéro RSAC : 899 008 270 - PARIS Agency fees payable by vendor - Montant estimé des dépenses annuelles d'énergie pour un usage standard, établi à partir des prix de l'énergie de l'année 2021 : 2300€ ~ 3120€ - Les informations sur les risques auxquels ce bien est exposé sont disponibles sur le site Géorisques : www.georisques.gouv.fr - Martin MOISY HABERT - Agent commercial - EI - RSAC PARIS 899 008 270

Magnificent character apartment, fully renovated in 2024 by an architect with quality amenities and elegant contemporary decor. Having benefited from a roof lift, this rare property offers remarkable volumes and exceptional brightness. The living room, with its high ceilings, is captivating with its generous proportions and warm atmosphere. It features a fully equipped open kitchen and a convivial dining area. The sleeping area consists of two children's bedrooms, a refined bathroom, and independent toilets. Upstairs, a climate-controlled level features a pleasant family room providing additional living space, ideal for relaxing or entertaining. An additional bedroom that can serve as an office completes this level. The master suite, a true haven, has two custom-made dressing rooms, an elegant shower room, and toilets, offering comfort and privacy. An exceptional property, combining charm, modernity, and functionality with the possibility of creating a rooftop of about 50 sqm. Exclusive Caroline MADELIN - EI - Commercial agent - N°RSAC: 990 455 958 - NANTERRE Agency fees payable by vendor - Nombre de lots dans la copropriété: 7 - Montant moyen de la quote-part de charges courantes 1,692 €/yearly - Montant estimé des dépenses annuelles d'énergie pour un usage standard, établi à partir des prix de l'énergie de l'année 2021 : 1830€ ~ 2540€ - Les informations sur les risques auxquels ce bien est exposé sont disponibles sur le site Géorisques : www.georisques.gouv.fr - Caroline MADELIN - Agent commercial - EI - RSAC NANTERRE 990 455 958

Contemporary architecture, loft style, unique character. Built in 2010, this house offers 152 sqm of living space (200 m² of floor space) on a stepped 425 sqm plot, designed to combine minerality and greenery. With its contemporary look and multi-level layout, it evokes the spirit of a loft and seduces with its atypical character. The heart of the house revolves around a vast cathedral living room with almost 5-meter high ceilings, bathed in light thanks to its high bay windows. A few steps lead up to the dining area and the semi-open, convivial and functional kitchen, which opens directly onto an intimate terrace surrounded by greenery. Together, they form a living space of over 70 sqm, ideal for entertaining. The first floor also features a bedroom with en-suite shower room. On the intermediate floor, a mezzanine suspended over the living room offers a charming reading or office space. The top floor features a master suite with shower room and dressing room, plus two additional bedrooms sharing a family bathroom. The exteriors, organized on two levels, reinforce the originality of the site and offer optimized spaces to enjoy every season. The house also boasts a 45 sqm cinema room with kitchenette, plenty of storage space and an enclosed garage equipped with an electric charging station. Modern comforts include underfloor heating, advanced home automation, video surveillance, automatic watering and a water recovery tank. Ideally located, the property benefits from immediate proximity to schools and shops, as well as easy access to transport: the RER is a 20-minute walk away, or the bus stop in front of the house is just a few minutes away. A rare property, designed for lovers of contemporary and singular places, which is as much a discovery as it is a story. Agency fees payable by vendor - Montant estimé des dépenses annuelles d'énergie pour un usage standard, établi à partir des prix de l'énergie de l'année 2021 : 2130€ ~ 2940€ - Anne-Omayra QUÉTARD - Agent commercial - EI - RSAC VERSAILLES 937 717 924

Puteaux – In the immediate vicinity of La Défense and its public transport (less than a 10-minute walk from Metro Line 1, RER A, and Tram T2), the Neuilly bridge, and Île de Puteaux, in a quiet and desirable location, discover this contemporary townhouse with high-quality features, offering approximately 242 sq m of living space. The ground floor opens onto a vast, bright 67 sq m living area with high ceilings and a perfectly integrated, high-end open-plan kitchen. A landscaped patio pleasantly extends this space, adding charm and privacy. This level also includes a laundry room with a pantry/boiler room, a separate toilet, and a closed garage. Upstairs, a spacious 37 sq m master suite with a bathroom and a remarkable 5-meter ceiling height offers exceptional comfort. Three bedrooms with storage and a shower room with a toilet complete this sleeping area. On the top floor, a 30 sq m glass-roofed atrium offers a versatile space ideal for an office, workshop, or playroom. The house is fully equipped (reversible air conditioning, electric vehicle charging station, computer cabling) and offers significant potential for expansion with the possibility of adding approximately 160 sq m of additional living space or creating a rooftop terrace. No easements.

Arnaud VIALLANEIX offers you this property:Rare in the area, set in a very calm and secure residential environment in Saint-Cloud, this family architect-designed house built in 2009 offers a living area of 190 m², complemented by a basement of 72 m². In perfect condition, it charms with its contemporary architecture, brightness, and a fluid distribution of spaces, ideal for family life.Located in the Pasteur district, the property benefits from a very convenient location for parents and children. Everything is accessible by foot within a radius of less than a kilometer: French and international schools (American School of Paris, Deutsche Schule, Bilingual Montessori School), transportation, shops, the market, leisure facilities, and the park of Saint Cloud, the true green lung of western Paris.The property’s strengths:• Functional and practical contemporary architect-designed house• Calm, secure, and family-friendly residential environment• Ideal location for international families with quick access to the main international schools located less than 300 meters away on foot• Close proximity to all amenities within a radius of less than 1 km: Avelines market, supermarkets and food shops, transport (tram-train & bus), hospital, and schools• Landscaped garden on a 477m² plot, easy to maintain. Rainwater recovery tank• Underfloor heating on the ground floor• Each bedroom and living space benefits from terraces or balconies: 70 m² in total• Very bright house: triple exposure of living spaces and double exposure in all bedrooms• Parking with two private spaces equipped with an electric charging station and one space for visitorsLayout:The house is organized over three main levels of 190 m² of living space, complemented by a basement of 72 m². The ground floor hosts the reception areas with a bright living room, a dining room opening onto a private terrace, and a large family kitchen. The first floor includes three bedrooms and two bathrooms, providing a comfortable space for children. The top level features an independent master suite with dressing room and bathroom. The basement offers a large leisure room as well as an additional bedroom, a large dressing room, and storage spaces.Living environment:Renowned for its residential elegance and proximity to Paris, Saint-Cloud offers a particularly sought-after quality of life. Between its famous national park, its renowned schools, and the quick access to economic centers in western Paris, the commune is a privileged address for French and international families.Additional information:Interior & exterior video, 360° tour, and comprehensive photo report (40 photos) available on request. 2D and 3D mass plans, detailed surfaces, property tax, maintenance and renovation documents available after visiting the property.Viewings possible evenings and weekends. I am available to provide information by phone from 8 AM to 9 PM from Monday to Saturday. English and Italian spoken. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.frThis description has been automatically translated from French.

Modern designer house with garden and high-end finish. Located in a sought-after residential area of the Magenta district of ??Saint-Cloud, within easy reach of the park and local international schools, this elegant house was built in 2009. It presents 190 sq.m of living area and a fully finished basement of 72 sq.m, sitting on a 498 sq.m of enclosed landscaped grounds. Spread over three levels, this property offers geometric architecture, spacious rooms and exceptional natural light. On the ground floor, an entrance hall opens onto a large reception room with living and dining area and fireplace, which in turn leads to a fitted and equipped kitchen. A guest WC completes this floor. On the first floor, a landing serves three large bedrooms, a bathroom, a shower room, an office, a laundry room and a separate WC. The second floor is occupied by a master suite, equipped with its own dressing room and bathroom with toilet. The basement houses a large multipurpose room with a home cinema and gym area, plus two additional rooms currently used as dressing rooms, and a boiler room. Outside, the enclosed landscaped garden features a garden shed and space to park three vehicles (with an electric vehicle charging station). The house offers a high-end finish and is in immaculate condition. It also boasts a prime location in close proximity to a Montessori school and American and German schools, 800 metres from the Avelines market, and 800 metres from the pedestrian entrance to the Parc de Saint-Cloud. A unique family property presenting the perfect blend of contemporary architecture, comfort and a prime location on the outskirts of Paris.

In the heart of the highly sought-after Coteaux neighborhood, this house reveals a rare art of living, where every space seems to have been designed to combine elegance, comfort, and the sweetness of everyday life. From the moment you arrive, the atmosphere is calming, almost enveloping. The house immediately inspires a sense of balance and harmony.The entrance is through a first terrace of 14 m², a true outdoor threshold that immediately establishes the privileged character of the place. It opens onto a sumptuous living room of over 72 m², bathed in light and designed as a space for sharing and breathing. Organized in an L shape, it elegantly unfolds its volumes and creates a particularly natural relationship with the outside: the large terrace of 33 m² is integrated into the heart of this configuration, as if embedded in the architecture of the place. Thus protected and wrapped by the lines of the house, it becomes a true extension of the indoor space, an open-air living area where the interior and exterior continuously interact. The living room, dining area, and open kitchen unite in an elegant reception space, with a warm and contemporary atmosphere.The main level is completed by a discrete independent toilet and a laundry room, perfectly integrated into the organization of the house.The night spaces unfold with coherence and generosity. Two beautifully sized bedrooms (16 m² and 20 m²) are organized around a large office area of over 24 m², ideal for remote work or for creating a place of reflection and creativity. A bathroom with toilet completes this ensemble comfortably.The master suite serves as a true refuge. Bright and perfectly arranged, it combines an elegant bedroom, a private shower room, and a dressing room of over 7 m². It extends onto a 15 m² terrace adjacent to the bedroom, offering a pleasant private outdoor space.An additional space, currently set up as a screening room with ample storage, further enriches the potential of the house. Game room, gym, or multifunctional room: it can be adapted freely to desires and lifestyles.A private parking space located in front of the house adds extra comfort, appreciated on a daily basis.The environment contributes fully to the quality of life offered. Nearby shops, restaurants, essential services… everything is within walking distance. The T2 tram (Les Coteaux) is only three minutes away, and the Val d'Or train station is less than ten minutes away. Educational institutions, from kindergarten to high school, are also easily accessible.A bright and elegant house, where the volumes, the architecture of the spaces, and the harmonious presence of the outdoors create a particularly refined living place, designed to host both precious everyday moments and exceptional instances.This description has been automatically translated from French.

Garches, on the border of Saint Cloud, this fully renovated family house of 140 m2 is located in a quiet neighborhood with an unobstructed view of La Défense. Organized over three levels: On the ground floor, a large living space of over 45 m2, with a dining area, equipped American kitchen, and a living room opening onto two west-facing terraces. The first floor features two bedrooms, including a master suite, each with its own bathroom or shower and dressing area. On the second floor: a 20 m2 bedroom and an 8 m2 bedroom, which can serve as an office or TV lounge. Completely renovated with high-quality materials, the house exudes a warm and contemporary atmosphere. Garage and the possibility to park in front of the house. Close to shops, 15 minutes from Paris.This description has been automatically translated from French.

Close to Saint-Cloud, Danielou and Passy Buzenval schools, superb contemporary house with approx. 250 m² of living space (270 m² floor area, DPE), nestled in 800 m² of wooded garden, designed to offer light and generous volumes. First floor: entrance hall, vast 62 m² reception room comprising a living room with fireplace and dining room, bathed in light thanks to large bay windows opening onto a terrace and south-facing garden, fully-equipped open kitchen, utility room, master suite with bathroom and shower overlooking the garden. First floor: five bedrooms, shower room and bathroom with shower. Basement: sports room (shower and kitchenette), garage and custom storage space. Your contact: Nathalie Faes 06 22 85 50 46.

/// EXCLUSIVITY /// In the Saint-James research area, this apartment benefits from an ideal and adaptable layout. The entrance leads to a lovely 32 m² reception area with no overlooking views of the inner gardens. Facing South-West, the kitchen has a dining area, 3 bedrooms with a bathroom and a shower, and a 4th bedroom has independent access from the landing. Absolute calm overlooking the inner gardens, collective heating by radiators, and underground parking.This description has been automatically translated from French.

This mid 20th century property set in an over 1000 sqm south-facing plot is located in the heart of the sought-after Montretout neighbourhood. Offering 342 sqm of living space (not counting a 125 sqm basement) includes an entry with fitted storage space, a 60 sqm living/reception room with a fireplace, a 27 sqm kitchen with dining facilities, a sitting room, a study, a guest wc and a master suite with a bath/shower room and dressing room. Upstairs a landing fitted as a recreation room leads to four bedrooms, a bathroom, a shower room, a utility room and a separate wc. Home automation. The 124 sqm basement comprises a garage, a second utility room, a vaulted wine cellar, and a possible fitness room. The leafy garden with fruit trees and a vegetable garden features a terrace accessible from the ground floor, and benefits from floodlighting and automatic sprinkling. In a peaceful residential neighbourhood near the schools, the shops and the transport networks.