Access to content
France

Luxury houses for sale Vasselay, France

Sort by

There are no results for this search
We suggest these listings near Vasselay

27 listings near Vasselay

Nearby
15

Villa with pool and garden Fussy (18)

The advertiser did not provide an english description for this listing.

… 
$569,700
245
4bedrooms
2bathrooms
land 2,000

By Arenes Immo

Nearby
11

Manor Bourges (18)

Situated 15 km from Bourges, on the edge of a small village, this pretty manor house features a group of buildings dating from the 15th and 17th centuries, all set in 1.6 hectares of wooded parkland. The ground floor comprises an entrance hall, living room, dining room, kitchen, billiard room (or bedroom) and shower room. The first floor is served by two beautiful wooden and stone staircases in the tower. Upstairs, a landing leads to 4 bedrooms and two shower rooms. Two barns communicate with the house and provide a laundry room, boiler room (condensing boiler), garage, woodshed and attic. The beautifully planted garden features a heated swimming pool and tennis court in good condition. ECD : E/F Price HAI: 525.000€ (Net selling price: 500.000 € - 5% agency fees payable by the buyer) Property presented by Etienne de BEAUREPAIRE (EI) : +33 (0)6. 07.71.57.74 - [email protected]. information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available at: www.georisques.gouv.fr

… 
$599,300
300
land 1.6ha

By Barnes Sologne Val De Loire

Nearby
16

House Saint-Martin-d'Auxigny (18)

On the edge of a charming village, close to Bourges (15 km), this property includes a set of buildings (former outbuildings of a castle), composed as follows: a renovated 270 m2 house with an entrance, living room with fireplace and open kitchen, office, two bedrooms, bathroom, dressing room, laundry room, toilets, technical room (heat pump boiler) and on the first floor, landing, hallway, two bedrooms, shower room/wc, a bedroom with shower room, a blind room (storage), and convertible attic. a vast barn of 130 m2 with 3 rooms (stables and garage). a former stone porch dated 1715. The 5000 m2 garden at the edge of the undergrowth is beautifully landscaped with various fruit trees. Energy performance: C/A The information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available at the site: www.georisques.gouv.fr Price: €455,800 including agency fees of 6% charged to the buyer, or €430,000 net seller. Contact: E de BEAUREPAIRE 06 07 71 57 74 [email protected] description has been automatically translated from French.

… 
$520,300
land 5,000

By Barnes Sologne Val De Loire

Nearby
10

House with terrace Saint-Eloy-de-Gy (18)

The advertiser did not provide an english description for this listing.

… 
$567,400
222
4bedrooms
land 4,290

By Iad France

Nearby
20

Manor Bourges (18)

Located just a few minutes from the center of BOURGES, in a quiet and sought-after neighborhood, this approximately 440 m² manor house from the 19th century, completely renovated, offers at ground floor: a spacious entrance, a large living room, a kitchen/dining room, an office, a master bedroom with its private bathroom, and a laundry room. The upper floors serve 6 bedrooms with bathrooms, several dressing/closet spaces, and an attic. A semi-basement level is converted into a studio, ideal for hosting friends or considering a reception activity. Various annexes complete the property: workshop, garage, former stables, boiler room, and cellars. The 4.7-hectare park beautifully wooded, features a water feature with a private spring, a wooded area, a fruit orchard/rosary, and an old tennis court. A pleasant wooden terrace with a SPA offers a relaxation space. Double-glazed joinery, heat pump and gas boiler heating, automated gate with video intercom, car charging station, wooden or motorized roller shutters. EPC: D/C Price including agency fees: €878,000 (net seller price: €830,000 - fees of 5.78% borne by the buyer) Presented by Mr. Etienne de BEAUREPAIRE (EI): +33 (0)6.07.71.57.74- [email protected]. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed are available on the Georisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr

… 
$1,002,300
440
7bedrooms
7bathrooms

By Barnes Sologne Val De Loire

Nearby
13

Property with pool Bourges (18)

Pleasure property located approx. 20 minutes south of Bourges, comprising a manor house, outbuildings and approx. 13 hectares of parklands. The house (approx. 370 m²) has spacious rooms and beautiful reception rooms. There are 6 bedrooms upstairs, including a suite with its own bathroom, 2 shower rooms and 1 bathroom. A heated swimming pool and poolhouse complete the property. The wooded grounds were designed by a renowned French landscape architect. Hundred-year-old tree, bamboo grove. Price before tax €714.000 - Price excluding fees €680.000. Agency fees: 5% incl. VAT payable by the purchaser. Property presented by Barnes Centre Sologne Val de Loire: +33 6 26 10 46 13 - [email protected] ‘Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr.

… 
$815,100
370
7bedrooms
2bathrooms
land 13ha

By Barnes Sologne Val De Loire

Nearby
27

House with garden and terrace Centre Ville - Bourges (18)

Exclusively - Exceptional family home, with authentic architecture typical of our medieval town, including a main house, a secondary house currently used as a gîte and guest rooms, a garage for 3 vehicles, and outbuildings. Located in our historic town center, in immediate proximity to Place Gordaine and Saint Bonnet Church, this pleasant house is completely oriented towards its walled garden, offering approximately 225 m² of living space across all its buildings. The main house consists of an entrance leading to a recent fitted and equipped kitchen with access to the garden, a living room-dining room. A half-landing allows access to a charming covered walkway, partially exterior, well-preserved, leading to an independent bedroom with a private bathroom and toilet. On the first floor, there are three bedrooms, including a large master bedroom with its spacious bathroom (bathtub + shower) and toilet, and a second shower room with toilet. On the second floor: an attic room arranged as an office or recreational room. Two adjoining rooms for use as a laundry/linen room and workshop accessible from the garden. Charming secondary house currently used as a gîte and guest house offering a lovely living room with a glass wall overlooking the garden and its 'private' terrace, fitted kitchen, small lounge, a beautiful family bedroom upstairs, shower room, and toilet; lovely unobstructed view of the landscaped garden. Cellar. Garden outbuilding. Possibility to develop an additional loft. Magnificent character house that will appeal to lovers of history and heritage - A true haven of peace in the heart of the city!This description has been automatically translated from French.

… 
$856,200
224
5bedrooms
3bathrooms
land 500

By Impact Immobilier

Nearby
9

Manor Bourges (18)

15th/17th century manor with adjoining barn on 1ha 63a 43ca Located 15km from Bourges, in a village of 980 inhabitants, this manor of approximately 270m² on the first 2 levels offers a living room, a dining room, a kitchen, a billiard room, 5 bedrooms and 3 bathrooms. On the 2nd floor, a dormitory with shower room and toilet and a large games room. Garage with boiler room and storage room above. Adjoining barn section. Beautifully wooded land, terraces at the front and rear of the building, heated swimming pool 6m x 10m, tennis court, well and small agricultural plot left at the disposal of a farmer. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisks website: www.georisks.gouv.fr

… 
$683,700
270
6bedrooms

By Chateaux Et Patrimoine

Nearby
10

House with terrace Bourges (18)

Including fees of 5% TTC to be paid by of the purchaser. Price excluding fees 370 000 €. Energy class E, Climate class E Estimated average amount of annual energy expenditure for standard use, based on the year's energy prices 2024: between 6960.00 and 9460.00 €. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Geohazards website: georisques.gouv.fr.

… 
$443,500
250
5bedrooms
1bathroom
land 1.7ha

By Chassaigne Immobilier

Nearby
10

House with pool and terrace Bourges (18)

Fees to be paid by the seller. Energy class D, Climate class D Estimated average amount of annual energy expenditure for standard use, based on the year's energy prices 2024: between 3660.00 and 4990.00 €. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Geohazards website: georisques.gouv.fr.

… 
$696,400
220
4bedrooms
land 3.1ha

By Chassaigne Immobilier

Nearby
10

House Bourges (18)

Charming guesthouse and holiday cottage Chambord A pretty village in the Cher department, 1½ hours from Paris - LEGGETT Immobilier & Bruno Debain, estate agent in the Centre-Val de Loire region (Chambord), presents: Business with excellent turnover of €125,000 in 2025 Set amidst unspoilt natural surroundings in the heart of the authentic Berry region, this charming, secluded estate embodies the French art of living. Combining understated elegance with a soothing atmosphere, this property offers a rare experience, where every detail has been carefully considered to appeal to guests seeking serenity, refinement and authenticity. An inspiring and authentic place to live The charm is immediately apparent upon entering the property. Ancient stonework Very attractive guest houses. Ideally situated in the Cher department, on the edge of the Sologne region and the Berry Canal, 1 hour from Chambord and Beauval Zoo A charming retreat in the heart of a village in the Cher, not far from a beautiful church Motorway access 10 minutes away to Bourges and Vierzon via the A71; Paris in 1½ hours.

… 
$904,900
500
7bedrooms
7bathrooms
land 7,069

By Leggett Immobilier

Buy this luxury property in Bourges (18000) - varied agricultural fields with rapeseed crop
Nearby
1

Property Bourges (18)

For Sale, Farm with a total area of 411 hectares with residential and operating buildings, equipment and DPB. Irrigable surface of 228ha. Free.

… 
$9,406,800

By Langlois Charles-alexandre

Nearby
14

House with garden Menetou-Salon (18)

The advertiser did not provide an english description for this listing.

… 
$513,100
270
5bedrooms
1bathroom
land 5,092

By Chassaigne Immobilier

Nearby
17

Property Marmagne (18)

Traditional farmhouse with mansard roof, just outside Bourges. The house is divided into two separate dwellings. The main dwelling (approx. 278 m²) comprises a living room, dining room, kitchen and 5 bedrooms, including a master suite. The charm of this longère lies in its period features (monumental fireplace, exposed stonework, French-style ceiling). A laundry room and boiler room/workshop/cellar are accessible from the outside. The second dwelling (approx. 75 m²), on one level and currently rented out, comprises a living room, kitchen, two bedrooms and bathroom. A garage is attached. Heating is partly oil-fired (condensing boiler), partly electric. An ideal property for a family, located just outside Bourges, close to a village with all essential services. The second dwelling offers the possibility of setting up a bed & breakfast, airbnb or self-employed activity. ECD: D/C. Price HAI 371.000,00 € - (fee of 6% seller's charges / price excluding fees of € 350.000) Property presented by Barnes Centre Sologne Val de Loire: +33 6 26 10 46 13 - [email protected] Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr.

… 
$423,500
278
5bedrooms
land 4,218

By Barnes Sologne Val De Loire

Nearby
Exclusivity
7

Farmhouse Moulins-sur-yevre (18)

Former large farm building forming a U around a courtyard. It consists of a comfortable 330 m² house with 11 rooms, 6 bedrooms, 2 offices, 3 reception rooms. Outside, several renovated barns, meeting room, and garages. This property is ideal for accommodating a large family but can also meet the needs of an event and tourist activity, only 20 minutes from Bourges. EPC: C/A Price including agency fees: €321,000 (net selling price: €300,000 - 7% fees paid by the buyer). Presented by Pierre-Antoine GUINOT: +33(0)6.30.77.08.75 - [email protected]. Risk information for this property is available on the website: www.géorisques.gouv.fr.

… 
$605,000
311
6bedrooms
2bathrooms

By Barnes Sologne Val De Loire

Nearby
20

House with terrace Mehun-sur-Yèvre (18)

The advertiser did not provide an english description for this listing.

… 
$341,300
171
4bedrooms
1bathroom
land 1,399

By Sextant France

Nearby
9

House with pool and terrace Mehun-sur-Yèvre (18)

iad France - Philippe Jay offers you: 14th CENTURY HOUSE Exceptional view of the Royal Fortress of Mehun-sur-Yèvre Some properties transcend the centuries without losing their soul. In the heart of the historic center of Mehun-sur-Yèvre, this remarkable character residence of nearly 390 m² overlooks the peaceful waters of the Yèvre and boasts a unique panorama of the majestic remains of the former royal residence of Charles VII. According to local tradition, this property is said to have once hosted the king’s personal surgeon. Behind its history-laden walls lies an exceptional dwelling where authenticity, elegance, and heritage potential harmoniously combine. Sheltered from prying eyes, the whole is set within a landscaped space of 1,415 m² bordered by the river. The wooded park, the confidential interior courtyard, and the swimming pool create a rare living environment, suffused with serenity. The house retains numerous original architectural elements: monumental fireplaces, ancient staircases, generous ceiling heights, reception volumes, and authentic materials testify to the prestige of the place. The internal organization offers remarkable versatility: • Vast reception areas bathed in light • Family kitchen with back kitchen • Ground-floor suite including bedrooms, dressing room, and shower room • Five additional bedrooms on the upper floors • Independent spaces allowing for a distinction between private life and reception • Large room under the framework offering multiple layout possibilities • Character vaulted cellar The outbuildings, including a significant barn, pave the way for numerous projects: prestigious family residence, character second home, high-end guest house, or creation of independent gîtes. Just fifteen minutes from Bourges, the future European Capital of Culture 2028, this property benefits from an environment particularly conducive to heritage and tourism enhancement. This international distinction will sustainably strengthen the attractiveness of the territory to both French and foreign clients in search of cultural experiences and exceptional places. A rare historic residence, offering the precious alliance of a centuries-old heritage, preserved natural surroundings, and remarkable development potential. CONFIDENTIAL FILE For the sake of discretion and to provide each potential buyer with personalized support, a first telephone exchange is desired before any visit organization. A complete file, history of the property, plans, heritage elements, rental income, and additional photographs will be sent to qualified buyers after this initial meeting. Visits by appointment only. Agency fees are the responsibility of the seller. Energy display information for this property: ENERGY class D index 192 and CLIMATE class D index 42. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed, including the legal obligation for clearing vegetation, is available on the Géorisques website: http://www.georisques.gouv.fr. This real estate advertisement has been drafted under the editorial responsibility of Mr. Philippe Jay, independent real estate agent (without holding funds), commercial agent of SAS I@D France registered at the Bourges RSAC under number 932050123, holder of the real estate solicitation card on behalf of I@D France SAS.

… 
$601,600
400
6bedrooms
1bathroom
land 1,557

By Iad France

Nearby
14

Property with pool Vouzeron (18)

In the south of Sologne, on an area of 50 hectares, in a preserved setting free from any nuisance, this prestigious property offers you an exceptional living space. The main house, benefiting from an unobstructed view of the pond, consists of several rooms, including a grand living room of 81 m², a dining kitchen of 33 m², as well as numerous bedrooms and bathrooms. You will also benefit from two independent studios, a guest house, and a caretaker's house, all in perfect condition. The property also includes a swimming pool with a pool house (sauna and jacuzzi), as well as a hunting lodge. This property of 870 m², with its 12 bedrooms and 11 bathrooms, is perfect for large families or for those seeking space to host guests. Located in one of the most game-rich areas of Sologne, wonderful hunting experiences await you in this territory composed of woods, fields, and thickets.This description has been automatically translated from French.

… 
$2,871,300
870
12bedrooms
11bathrooms
land 50ha

By Century 21 Sologne Immobilier

Nearby
8

House with pool and terrace Vouzeron (18)

iad France - Philippe Jay offers you: AT THE EDGE OF THE WOODS – THE SOLOGNOTE EXCLUSIVITY Confidential estate – Private hamlet It is rare to discover a place where the property merges with the edge of a preserved forest. Hidden from view, yet never isolated, this estate offers a harmonious living environment, rhythmically punctuated by nature: morning mists over the pond, whispers of the wind in the century-old oaks, discreet passage of large game. Renovated to perfection, the architectural ensemble elegantly combines stone, wood, and light. Each building blends Solognote charm with contemporary comfort, allowing for immediate occupancy without compromise or future work needed. Mastered autonomy On a single contiguous plot, free of any constraints, a hundred integrated solar panels ensure significant energy autonomy, respecting the aesthetics and the environment. Exceptional hospitality capacity The property can accommodate more than thirty people in excellent conditions of intimacy and comfort, worthy of a private vacation spot. Comfort just right Pool, tennis court, and wellness area integrate harmoniously into a well-maintained landscaped park, without altering the spirit of the place. A rare estate, designed to be inhabited today, where nature, elegance, and independence unite in perfect coherence. Complete file and detailed visuals provided after a courtesy interview. Philippe Jay Real estate advisor – Prestige iad Agency fees paid by the seller. Energy display information for this property: ENERGY class B index 102 and CLIMATE class A index 3. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed, including the legal obligation for clearing, are available on the Géorisques website: http://www.georisques.gouv.fr. This real estate announcement has been drafted under the editorial responsibility of Mr. Philippe Jay, independent real estate agent (without holding funds), commercial agent of SAS I@D France registered at the RSAC of Bourges under number 932050123, holder of the real estate canvassing card on behalf of I@D France SAS.

… 
$2,842,600
870
15bedrooms
11bathrooms
land 51.6ha

By Iad France

Nearby
22

Property with pool Villeneuve-sur-Cher (18)

Magnificent residence dating from the 19th century located in the heart of a very pretty wooded park of approximately 25 hectares with wooded areas, numerous outbuildings including a large barn and a guest house, with swimming pool. Overlooking the Cher Valley, this building, accessible from a beautiful forest path, offers approximately 500m2 of living space on 3 levels. The main entrance (with cloakroom area) gives access to three beautiful, bright reception rooms with fireplaces and natural stone floors with cabochons, a contemporary fitted kitchen with scullery, as well as two secondary rooms in the turrets, toilets. A beautiful wooden staircase with a wrought iron style railing leads to a large landing on the first floor providing access to 5 beautiful sleeping areas distributed as follows: a master bedroom with bathroom + shower and toilet, private dressing room in the tower, a second master bedroom with private shower room, a large bedroom / library (magnificent solid oak furniture), small fully fitted dressing room, and two other communicating bedrooms with bathroom + shower. Convertible attic space above (recent insulation under the roof, concrete slab on the ground with passage of pipes and drains allowing the creation of additional rooms and water points); roof windows installed and magnificent 'bull's eye' skylights. The garden level, very pleasant and bright thanks to its many French windows, is directly oriented towards the terrace and swimming pool, it has a beautiful living room kitchen / summer dining room, a bedroom and toilets; access to the technical room swimming pool and secondary rooms (vaulted cellar, boiler room and workshop). Very good layout and distribution of rooms across all levels. The property includes several outbuildings including a lovely renovated guest house of approx. 120 m2, with its small private garden, a barn converted into a large reception room of 114 m2 (attic above which can be converted), old stables, workshops, kennels and agricultural shed. This magnificent mansion has undergone a lot of work over the last ten years, its structural quality including the construction of its natural slate roof as well as the interior services and materials used and its architecture make it an exceptional property! All of its outbuildings are also in a very good state of renovation and maintenance. This property is located in a beautifully wooded and maintained park, with beautiful century-old trees and beautiful paths that allow you to peacefully take the wooded area of approximately 18 hectares. Meadows and pleasure orchard. Its dominant position offers a remarkable setting and view of the Valley and the surrounding countryside, 2.5 hours from Paris (quick access to the A71 from Bourges). DPE in progress Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr

… 
$1,712,400
500
6bedrooms
4bathrooms
land 13ha

By Impact Immobilier

Nearby
22

House with garden and terrace Saint-Florent-sur-Cher (18)

The advertiser did not provide an english description for this listing.

… 
$399,600
257
7bedrooms
2bathrooms
land 636

Private owner

Nearby
Exclusivity
13

Property with garden Nançay (18)

Near Salbris and Bourges, in the heart of the Sologne region, this elegant 17-hectare property comprises a 19th-century château offering 700 m² of living space and numerous guest houses and outbuildings. The château, built in the Norman style, retains beautiful period features (parquet floors, fireplaces, high ceilings) but has been converted into offices. The estate also offers several pavilions, detached houses, and outbuildings (a gymnasium, classrooms, activity and storage areas, etc.). Ideal for a family home, hotel, or event venue. DPE : D/D HAI price €1,119,000 - Price excluding fees: €1,051,860. Agency fees: 6% including tax payable by the buyer. Presented by Barnes Centre Sologne Val de Loire: +33 6 26 10 46 13 - [email protected] “Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr.”

… 
$1,277,400
700

By Barnes Sologne Val De Loire

Nearby
Exclusivity
12

Property Vierzon (18)

Located just two hours from Paris, this originally medieval château was remodeled during the Renaissance in the 16th century and subsequently renovated in the 18th century. Embodying all the elegance and refinement of a historic residence, it is idyllically located on over 11 hectares of leafy grounds near Vierzon majestically overlooking the Cher Valley. The château presents approximately 366 sq.m of harmonious living area. The ground floor is organized around light-filled reception rooms and backs generously onto the garden. Period fireplaces, wood paneling, open beams, oak parquet flooring and antique terracotta tiles lend this area a character imbued with authenticity and wamth. The two upper floors offer tremendous potential for further development to enhance the property. They currently house eight bedrooms and four bathrooms. While the roof is in good condition, certain renovation works will be required. In the immediate vicinity of the main château, a former outbuilding has been converted into an independent guest house of approximately 230 sq.m. The ground floor comprises a spacious living room and a dining room with open kitchen. The first floor features a second living room as well as five bedrooms and two bathrooms, making it ideal for accommodating family and guests. At the entrance to the property, a gatehouse and two outbuildings lead to a tree-lined courtyard. The leafy grounds extend over more than 11 hectares and invite leisurely strolls along winding paths leading down to the river below. They also feature a swimming pool and a former tennis court. This is a rare property that presents a winning blend of history, spaciousness and an exceptional natural setting. It would be perfectly suited to the creation of a characterful family residence or a high-end commercial guest house.

… 
$787,700
366
8bedrooms
land 11.3ha

By Emile Garcin - Proprietes & Chateaux

Nearby
12

Manor Bourges (18)

Close to Bourges, a city famous for its cultural heritage and classified as a Ville d'Art et d'Histoire, this manor house has a timeless charm. Situated just fifteen kilometres east of this historic town, it embodies the essence of 18th century country residences and offers a spacious 402sqm of living space. This architectural treasure, carefully renovated over the years, is set in 5.47 acres of parkland, guaranteeing privacy. Its light-filled interiors include a sumptuous 65sqm reception room overlooking the park, two elegant dining rooms and nine spacious bedrooms, each combining comfort and charm. The property also includes an outbuilding to the north of the manor house which houses a garage, outhouse, garden shed and workshop, providing additional space for storage and leisure activities. The dovecote, tower and swimming pool add a touch of character to this property, making it a true haven of peace for family life. Combining history and modernity, this manor house is an invitation to a refined and serene art of living.

… 
$911,000
402
9bedrooms
4bathrooms
land 2.2ha

By Junot Châteaux & Patrimoine

Nearby
30

Property with pool and garden Nançay (18)

The advertiser did not provide an english description for this listing.

… 
$2,996,700
950
6bedrooms
6bathrooms
land 51ha

By Proprietes De Sologne

*

Receive by email any new listing that may match your search criteria

Your criteria :

  • For sale
  • Vasselay, France, +30 km
  • Houses

About Vasselay

Luxury Houses and Villas in Vasselay?

Vasselay, a charming commune in the Cher department, offers a peaceful living environment, conducive to acquiring luxury houses and villas. With its 1579 inhabitants and a population density of 78.13 inhabitants/km², the real estate market retains a human dimension. The proximity to cities like Bourges, which also attracts lovers of exceptional properties, enhances Vasselay's appeal for those seeking a prestigious house away from urban hustle and bustle, while benefiting from easy access to amenities and regional points of interest. The dynamism of this market is reflected in the constant search for charming houses and luxury villas offering a privileged living environment.

What is the price of luxury real estate in Vasselay?

The market for luxury houses and villas in Vasselay shows a notable evolution in its prices per square meter. In 2021, the average price stood at €1654.14/m². This trend has reversed for 2026, where the projected price is €2299.89/m². Compared to 2025, when the average price was €2485.71/m², a decrease of 7.46% is observed in 2026. This fluctuation over time demonstrates a dynamic market where exceptional houses maintain a strong value, despite economic adjustments.

What are the most sought-after neighborhoods in Vasselay?

Vasselay offers a range of neighborhoods where luxury houses and prestigious villas find their ideal setting. Although the total number of houses in Vasselay is 688, certain areas stand out for their surroundings and tranquility, particularly sought after by buyers looking for charming houses and exceptional properties. The appeal is often focused on areas offering beautiful nature, a certain privacy, while remaining at a reasonable distance from activity centers.