luxury houses for sale Lugano, Switzerland

Experience exclusive living at the foot of Monte San Giorgio – a UNESCO World Natural Heritage site – in one of Ticino's most sought-after sunny locations. This exceptional villa in Brusino Arsizio blends Mediterranean charm, ultimate privacy, and breathtaking views over Lake Lugano, Morcote, and the surrounding mountains. Designed as a true safe haven, it offers peace, security, and an outstanding quality of life. Perfect for international buyers who value exclusivity and discretion. Property Highlights Generous living space: 340 m² of light-filled rooms with a modern layout – ideal for families, home offices or guests. Expansive grounds: 2,500 m² of manicured, year-round blooming gardens – a private oasis of relaxation. Panoramic terrace: Unmatched views of Lake Lugano, Morcote and the surrounding Alps. Top construction quality: Built in 2013 and impeccably maintained, with solar panels, air conditioning and a new water tank (2023). Wellness & fitness: Finnish and steam sauna, TechnoGym equipment, and a heated, secluded courtyard pool. Guest house: Fully renovated 200-year-old “Rustico” – perfect for visitors or as an additional retreat. Secure and private: Quiet, discreet location away from mass tourism – ideal for those seeking peace and confidentiality. Ample parking: Garage for 4 vehicles with workshop, carport for 2 more, plus an additional space at the guest house. An exceptional living context: Close to the border: Just 2 km from Porto Ceresio (Italy) with cafés, restaurants, supermarkets, and medical services. Great connectivity: Two train lines – direct to Milan Porta Garibaldi and Milan Malpensa Airport. Top education options: Bus stop within 5 minutes to the prestigious European School in Varese (including kindergarten) – perfect for families. Convenient location: Lugano, Mendrisio and the Italian border are only a short drive away. Discover your mediterranean retreat in Switzerland's sunniest region. Enjoy a mild climate, spectacular natural beauty and the perfect blend of Swiss quality of life and Italian dolce vita . Whether as a main residence, holiday home or secure investment, this villa offers you and your family an exceptional lifestyle in one of Europe's most beautiful regions.

ust outside central Lugano, in the residential setting of Sorengo, this early twentieth-century villa occupies a secluded position within approximately 2,469 m² of private grounds. Mature planting, open lawns and views towards the lake create a notably private environment within easy reach of the city, Franklin University Switzerland and TASIS. Built in 1910, the villa extends across four levels and offers approximately 510 m² of living space. Its original architectural character remains visible in the entrance hall, central staircase, arched windows and wood-panelled salon with fireplace. The main floor accommodates the reception rooms: a generous living room, dining room, wood-panelled salon with fireplace, separate kitchen and guest bathroom. The upper floor comprises the principal suite with en-suite bathroom and private terrace, two further bedrooms and an additional bathroom. The attic level provides further bedrooms and a versatile room, while the lower floor contains leisure and service areas, with the potential to create a self-contained unit. A separate building used as an annex and a garage for two cars complete the property. The estate underwent several improvement works between 2015 and 2019. From a planning perspective, plot no. 140 lies within a residential zone. Article 28 of the implementing regulations provides for a maximum building height of 10 metres and a maximum floor area ratio of 0.6. At least 40% of the developable plot area must remain free of buildings and, as a rule, at least half of this portion must be landscaped as green space. Applied to the entire plot, the floor area ratio results in a theoretical maximum gross floor area of approximately 1,481 m². The effective remaining development capacity must be established through a dedicated technical assessment, taking into account the floor area already utilised, the required setbacks, access arrangements and any further applicable restrictions. The scale of the land therefore allows for different architectural directions, ranging from the preservation and contemporary reinterpretation of the existing villa to a broader development project, subject in each case to the necessary technical reviews and approvals. Available for use as a second home.

Just a few minutes from the center of Lugano, this detached villa is set in the green surroundings of Breganzona, in a quiet, private, and well-connected location. Built in 1984 and partially renovated in 1995, the house features spacious and bright interiors, with large windows framing views of the mountains, the lake, and the surrounding garden. The main entrance is located on the basement level, through an elegant entrance hall, from which an internal staircase leads to the upper floors. This level also houses the garage, laundry room, storage, heating room, and a nuclear shelter, all functional and well-organized spaces. On the ground floor, a bright and welcoming hall opens onto the living area. The living room, with generous spaces and a fireplace, is complemented by a separate, modern, and functional kitchen. From the living room, direct access leads to the covered terrace and the surrounding garden. This floor also includes a bedroom with a walk-in closet, an elegant guest WC, and a small wardrobe. On the first floor, a gallery overlooking the living room provides a versatile space, ideal as a study or reading area. This level comprises three bedrooms, including one with an en suite bathroom and walk-in closet, a second bathroom serving the other rooms, and a storage/closet space for added practicality. The garden, approximately 600 sqm, surrounds the villa, offering well-defined and sunlit outdoor areas. The property also includes two external parking spaces and a diesel heating system with underfloor heating, ensuring comfort throughout the year. Situated in an R2A residential expansion zone, the villa offers potential for extension according to current urban planning regulations and can also be purchased as a secondary residence, representing an elegant and functional solution. This villa in Breganzona is a rare opportunity: living surrounded by greenery, with spacious and bright interiors, without giving up proximity to the city center and all main amenities. Zoning R2A – Residential Expansion: i.s. 0.5 i.o. 30% maximum eaves height 7.50 m maximum ridge height 9.50 m minimum distance from boundaries 4.00 m minimum green area 30%

Set into the hillside of Porza, on the slope that looks towards Lake Lugano and Monte San Salvatore, Villa Sissi stands in extensive private grounds of 3'096 square metres, from which the outlook extends from the hills of the Capriasca to the lake, in one of the most discreet residential settings of the Lugano area. The property brings together two buildings, both completed in 2013, which share the grounds and the perimeter while remaining entirely independent of one another. The main villa is arranged over three floors served by a lift, amounting to 659 square metres. On the entrance level, a marble hall opens into the living room, which gives onto the portico and the garden through full-height windows, and into the fi replace room, dominated by an imposing carved stone hearth; the same level holds the dining room, a kitchen in solid wood and natural stone, a study and a guest bathroom. On the floor above, the sleeping quarters bring together the principal suite and three further bedrooms, each with its own bathroom, all opening onto the panoramic terrace that runs the full length of the front of the house. The lower level is given to wellness and holds a free-form Biodesign indoor pool, glazed to full height onto the lawn, alongside a steam room, an experience shower and a gym. A laundry, plant rooms and a bedroom with private bathroom complete the floor. The guest house, 331 square metres over three floors, brings together two self-contained apartments of three and two bedrooms, each with its own entrance, its own kitchen and its own outdoor space, for guests, sta ff or more than one household living independently. The property may be purchased as a secondary residence by Swiss citizens and holders of a Swiss residence permit. The partly terraced grounds include a kitchen garden, an ornamental pond and a covered garage for three cars. Development reserves remain, on which further living space or an outdoor pool may be built.

Immersed in the greenery of Pregassona, this modern house stands on a plot of approximately 955 sqm, facing southwest, offering breathtaking views of Lake Lugano and the surrounding mountains. Located in a quiet and sunny residential area, the property, built in 1982 and maintained in excellent condition, presents about 255 sqm of living space distributed on three levels. An outdoor heated swimming pool and an atelier ideal for hobbies or creative projects complete the offer. Space distribution: Ground Floor: Entrance hall, wine cellar, shelter/cellar, technical room and hallway. First Floor: Two bedrooms (one with wardrobe), a bathroom with tub and hallway. Second Floor: Spacious living room with fireplace and greenhouse, dining room, separate kitchen with access to the porch, a bedroom with en-suite bathroom and exit to the garden, guest toilet and laundry room. To complete the property, a convenient car port that can accommodate up to three cars. The possibility of expanding the property by an additional approximately 222 square meters offers great potential, making this residence ideal for a family seeking space and comfort. Secondary residence permitted.

In the heart of Muzzano, just a few minutes from Lugano, Residenza Twin Lake offers an exclusive and secluded residential setting, immersed in nature and enjoying open views over Lake Lugano and the Ticino Pre-Alps. The villa strikes a measured balance between elegance, functionality and comfort, within a refined and discreet environment. At basement level, a double garage with storage room opens onto an internal courtyard, providing access to the staircase and the private lift serving all floors of the villa. The first level comprises the entrance hall, a study and an atelier, a bedroom, a bathroom and a laundry room. The upper floor is dedicated to the living area, conceived as a bright and welcoming open plan space with living room, open kitchen and dining area. The internal courtyard is enhanced by a landscaped garden with a decorative water feature, while two external terraces offer well proportioned spaces for outdoor living. A 27 square metre panoramic terrace adjoins the living room, while a 10 square metre terrace is located next to the kitchen. A guest bathroom completes this level. Outside, a contemporary swimming pool of 50 square metres forms a shared amenity between the two villas, together with the pool technical room, discreetly integrated and jointly managed, ensuring optimal functionality without compromising privacy. The night floor features a master bedroom with walk in wardrobe and en suite bathroom, two additional bedrooms and a further full bathroom. Outdoor spaces include two terraces and an 18 square metre balcony overlooking the pool area. Built with high quality materials and equipped with a geothermal heat pump system, the villa combines comfort, architectural refinement and excellent energy efficiency. Each villa within Residenza Twin Lake is designed to ensure a high degree of privacy and superior living comfort. Carefully articulated spaces and advanced technological solutions define an exclusive address for those seeking a contemporary residence with efficient connections to Lugano.

Nestled in the tranquility and privacy of Muzzano, just a few minutes from the center of Lugano, Twin Lake Residence stands out for its contemporary design and spectacular views over Lake Lugano and the Ticino Prealps. The villa offers a harmonious balance of elegance, functionality, and comfort, in an exclusive and refined setting. On the basement level, the entrance is accessed directly from the garage, which includes three parking spaces, a storage area, and space for bicycles. A small courtyard with garden leads to the main atrium, which houses a laundry room, a refuge room, a technical/storage room, and a study. The intermediate level, at pool level, hosts the bright and spacious living area, comprising a living room, open-plan kitchen, and dining area. From the living room, one can access a panoramic terrace overlooking Agno and the lake, as well as a private 34 sqm Zen garden. This level also includes a bedroom with en suite bathroom and a guest bathroom. Outside, a modern 50 sqm swimming pool serves as a shared area between the two villas; at the same level, there is also the pool's technical room, likewise shared and discreetly integrated. The upper floor accommodates the sleeping area, which includes two bedrooms with balconies, a study, and a versatile open space. The master bedroom features a walk-in closet and an en suite bathroom with bathtub and shower. The floor is completed by two additional bathrooms and a 13 sqm terrace. Built with high-quality materials and equipped with modern systems, including a geothermal heat pump, the villa combines style, functionality, and sustainability. Each villa in Twin Lake Residence is designed to ensure maximum privacy and superior comfort. The spaces, defined with refined elegance and complemented by advanced technological solutions, make it an exclusive address for those seeking a contemporary, elegant, and well-connected home.

In Vezia, in a slightly elevated residential area, this single-family townhouse is set within a quiet and well-structured neighbourhood. Schools, services and main transport connections are all within easy reach, while the western orientation ensures a pleasant natural light throughout the day. Spread across three levels and offering approximately 200 m² of living space, the property features bright, well-balanced interiors. The ground floor includes a living room with fireplace and a dining area, both opening onto two terraces — one covered and one open — that lead to the terraced garden of around 100 m², shaped by gentle slopes and stone walls. The kitchen, adjacent to the dining area, is complemented by a pantry and a laundry area. A guest bathroom, a technical room, a cellar and a generous storage/utility space complete this level. The first floor comprises three bedrooms and two bathrooms with showers. The top floor is reserved for the primary suite: a spacious room with an en-suite bathroom featuring both bathtub and shower, a dedicated anteroom, and a bright mezzanine offering an additional flexible area. Outdoors, four parking spaces are available, two of which are covered. Heating is provided by a gas-fired system with underfloor distribution; the property is equipped with external insulation and double-glazed windows. The finishes are understated and well maintained, consistent with the character of the house. The result is a home with a measured, balanced presence, where layout, setting and surroundings contribute to a pleasant and well-composed living experience.

In Montagnola, Collina d'Oro, in a quiet residential area, west oriented with beautiful views on the lake of Lugano and the surrounding mountains, stands this beautiful modern villa. With 4637sqm of land (of which 3511sqm are woods and 50 sqm are a lake plot with a private dock), a garden planted with olive trees, palms and various kinds of flowers; privacy is guaranteed. It is approx. 10 minutes by car from the centre of Lugano and the TASIS (American School). The property has been completely renovated in 2013/2016 with materials and finishes of the highest standing and maintained in an impeccable state. It offers approx. 440sqm living space on 3 floors and additional 400sqm of terraces (with heated infinity pool, kitchen, BBQ, Pininfarina pergola) as well as an independent guest flat and a boat house. The house offers the ultimate in living comfort using the latest technology. The living spaces of the villa are divided as follows: entrance floor: entrance hall, service bathroom, equipped kitchen, dining room, large living room, 2 bedrooms each with wardrobe and en-suite bathroom, patio, terraces, garden; lower floor: service bathroom, master bedroom with wardrobe and en-suite bathroom, living room, fitness area with sauna and shower, laundry, terrace with infinity pool, garden; guest flat: 3 bedrooms with their own en-suite bathrooms. Parking spaces: 2 indoor (garage), 2 outdoor. This modern villa represents the best that today's technology can offer, guaranteeing elegance, privacy and living comfort.

Located in Montagnola, in one of the most exclusive and private areas on Lake Lugano, this refined villa offers spectacular panoramic views of the lake and surrounding mountains. Spread over five levels connected by a convenient internal elevator, it provides generous living spaces and an ideal home solution for large families. With 350 m² of living space plus 200 m² of additional areas, the villa features an infinity pool overlooking the lake and spacious panoramic terraces on multiple levels. The living area includes a fireplace, a dining space, and a large kitchen with direct access to the terrace and the expansive panoramic porch. The master sleeping area consists of a master bedroom with walk-in closet and en suite bathroom, along with two spacious bedrooms and a second bathroom. The guest or multi-purpose area, with an independent entrance, offers two large bedrooms and a bathroom. The property is completed by a private gym, a wine cellar, a garage for four cars, and two outdoor parking spaces. Main features: 350 m² living area + 200 m² additional spaces Infinity pool with lake view Spacious panoramic terraces on multiple levels Living area with fireplace, dining space, and large kitchen with direct access to the terrace and large panoramic porch Master sleeping area with master bedroom, walk-in closet, and en suite bathroom, plus two spacious bedrooms and a second bathroom Guest/multi-purpose area with independent entrance, two large bedrooms, and a bathroom Private gym and wine cellar Garage for 4 cars + 2 outdoor parking spaces Designed with particular attention to comfort and well-being, the villa features bright interiors, high-quality finishes, and architectural solutions carefully studied to ensure privacy and functionality. An exclusive oasis of tranquility just minutes from the city center and all amenities.

In Comano, located in a quiet and sunny residential area, this refined semi-detached house is set within a well-maintained garden of 1,614 sqm. Offering approximately 380 sqm of gross living space, the property benefits from a favorable south/east exposure that provides an open and captivating view of the lake, the city, and the surrounding mountains. The setting strikes an ideal balance between privacy and convenience, with essential amenities such as a nursery, primary schools, a grocery store, a pharmacy, and restaurants all within easy reach. The center of Lugano and the motorway access are approximately a 10-minute drive away, ensuring excellent connectivity to the city. Built in the 1990s, the house is in good condition, retaining its original state while offering the potential to be easily converted into a single-family residence according to personal preferences. The interior layout spans several levels: the raised ground floor includes the entrance, a spacious living and dining area with panoramic views, a separate kitchen with a fireplace and balcony, three bedrooms, and two bathrooms—one with a bathtub and the other with a shower. On the garden-level basement, there is an independent 3.5-room apartment featuring a living room, separate kitchen, two bedrooms, a bathroom with bathtub, laundry room, and cellar. This level is completed by a corridor, a small grotto, a storage or seasonal-change room, another cellar, and a shelter. The cellar floor offers additional functional spaces, including a gravel cellar, laundry room, hobby or gym room with a window, and the boiler room. The property also includes a double garage and a large outdoor parking area with space for up to five vehicles. There is potential for expansion and the possibility to build a swimming pool. The property is situated in a Re+ extensive zoning area, with parameters that ensure a large green area and a harmonious balance with the surrounding environment. Zoning parameters: Plot ratio (IO): 40% Site index (IS): 0.55 Minimum green area: 40%

In Canobbio, in a peaceful residential area surrounded by greenery, this terraced villa enjoys a captivating view over Lake Lugano and the surrounding landscape. The location is strategic: the city center, motorway access, and all main services are just a few minutes away. Built in 2011, the property stands out for its contemporary architecture, bright and well-organized interiors, and a high standard of living comfort. Generous and well-maintained outdoor areas make it ideal throughout all seasons. The villa is arranged over three levels, plus a service basement, and is internally connected by a convenient elevator. The second floor hosts the entrance and a master bedroom with en-suite bathroom, built-in wardrobes, and access to a terrace of approx. 26 sqm offering stunning views. The middle floor is dedicated to the sleeping quarters, featuring a bedroom with en-suite bathroom, two additional double bedrooms with fitted wardrobes, and two full bathrooms. Quiet and private, these spaces provide an ideal setting for everyday life. On the ground floor, the living area opens with a modern kitchen leading into the living and dining room. Large floor-to-ceiling windows create a seamless connection with the garden, where a counter-current swimming pool offers moments of relaxation and activity throughout most of the year, thanks to the favorable south-facing exposure. The basement includes a laundry room, hammam, wine cellar, and technical room. Four indoor parking spaces and two outdoor ones complete the property, all accessible via a private road reserved for residents. Designed to foster a constant dialogue with its surroundings, the villa features wide openings that frame the greenery, the cityscape, and the lake. Materials such as exposed concrete and glass balustrades lend the property a refined and modern character, while ensuring durability and minimal maintenance. A modern, functional residence — perfect for those seeking a serene lifestyle without compromising on proximity to services or the allure of Lake Lugano.

THE ART OF LIVING Two Iconic Residences with Lake Views In one of the most exclusive and private locations of the Collina d'Oro, just minutes from the center of Lugano, rise two contemporary villas that redefine the very concept of prestigious living. Not mere properties, but authentic architectural statements. A place where absolute privacy, breathtaking views and signature design come together in perfect balance. Here the city remains close but does not encroach. Nature embraces, protects, inspires. An Architecture that Dialogues with the Landscape Facing southwest on a dominant lot, the villas are designed to capture light from dawn to dusk, offering open views of the lake and a constant feeling of space and freedom. Volumes, rotated with geometric precision, generate movement and visual separation, ensuring total privacy. Powerful, textured fair-faced concrete meets full-height glazed surfaces that dissolve the boundaries between interior and exterior. Natural wood, Palladian and metal details complement a sophisticated, essential, timeless architectural language. Every line is thought out. Every perspective is studied. Every room is designed to excite. Spaces that Tell a New Concept of Luxury The living area opens into a dramatic double-height volume flooded with natural light. Large windows flow out to panoramic terraces and private gardens, creating a fluid continuum between architecture and nature. Pools, perfectly integrated into the landscape, become reserved pools of water, places of absolute quiet where time seems suspended. The sleeping area, conceived as a private retreat, guarantees silence and intimacy. Master suites, with wardrobes and designer en-suite bathrooms, evoke the atmosphere of a five-star hotel suite, but with the intimacy of home. Private elevators, large garages, technical rooms and service spaces complete a level of comfort designed for a demanding, international clientele. Villa A Grandeur and Representation A residence with a strong personality, ideal for those who desire generous spaces and a distinctive architectural presence. Private garage with 6 parking spaces Interior elevator on all levels Scenic living with double height 4 total bedrooms Master suite with panoramic terrace Spacious garden and private pool Dominant lake view A residence designed to welcome, represent, live without compromise. Villa B Contemporary Elegance and Harmony Pure lines, balanced proportions, bright and perfectly distributed rooms. Private garage with 5 parking spaces Interior elevator Living area open space with double height 3 bedrooms Master suite with wardrobe and terrace Exclusive garden and private pool Open and private lake view A sophisticated, discreet, deeply contemporary residence. Living here means choosing silence, light and beauty. It means having Lugano just minutes away and the world outside your door. It means owning not just a villa, but a lifestyle.

Nestled in the tranquillity of a residential area of Montagnola (Pianroncate district), just a stone's throw from the lake, this charming villa stands on 6,075 sqm of land (with additional building potential of approximately 90 sqm), of which 4,993 sqm is woodland, ensuring maximum privacy and direct contact with nature. The west-facing exposure ensures excellent light until sunset and a splendid open view of Lake Lugano and the mountains. The city centre and all major amenities are about a 10-minute drive away. The villa, built in 1985, has been constantly maintained and enhanced over time, with the latest renovation in 2021, preserving its original character and integrating it with modern comforts. The living area of approximately 330 sqm, spread over three levels, is complemented by charming outdoor spaces: a well-kept garden, large panoramic terraces (one with a fireplace, the other with a shower), a winter garden with shower and jacuzzi, a garage for two cars and two outdoor parking spaces. The villa is composed as follows: Entrance floor: entrance hall, bright living room with fireplace and dining room, kitchen, a room currently used as a gym (which can also be converted into a study), a bathroom, laundry room, shelter. Upper floor: gallery with TV area, two bedrooms, a bathroom. Both levels have direct access to the panoramic terraces and garden, creating a pleasant continuity between indoors and outdoors. Independent flat (also connected internally - currently used as an office): lower floor: entrance hall, small kitchen and bathroom with shower, open space with fireplace, one bedroom, sauna, utility room. The flat also has a cosy porch and a winter garden with shower and jacuzzi, ideal as a private wellness area. Thanks to its well-kept outdoor spaces, privacy and high level of comfort, this villa conveys a holiday feeling all year round. It can also be purchased as a second home.

Elegant Architect-Designed Villa with Flat Garden and Open Views to Lake Lugano We are pleased to offer for sale this prestigious architect-designed villa of approximately 450 sqm, developed mainly on a single level and surrounded by a beautiful private garden, enjoying an open west-facing exposure. The property stands on a 1,460 sqm flat plot, in a dominant and private position, benefiting from excellent sunlight throughout the day. Located in Comano, one of the most sought-after residential communities in the Lugano area, the villa enjoys an exclusive setting renowned for its tranquillity, greenery and exceptional quality of life. A privileged location allowing easy access to Lugano city centre within minutes, while offering privacy, sunshine and a peaceful environment away from traffic. The open views across the surrounding hills, extending towards Lake Lugano, create a remarkable atmosphere throughout the seasons. Generous interior volumes, seamless connections with the outdoor spaces and the rare combination of privacy, sunlight and accessibility make this property a truly unique opportunity. Layout Impressive double living room with direct access to the flat garden Elegant dining room opening onto the beautifully landscaped garden Fully equipped eat-in kitchen with separate laundry room Guest bathroom Study / TV lounge Exceptional primary suite of over 50 sqm with private sitting area, two bathrooms and a spacious dressing room Study and library Elegant entrance hall Double bedroom of approximately 30 sqm with dressing room, en-suite bathroom and panoramic balcony Guest bedroom with private bathroom Independent guest apartment with private entrance and bathroom Spacious atelier/workshop and wine cellar Covered garage for two cars Three outdoor guest parking spaces A charming covered gazebo surrounds part of the villa and overlooks the lush garden, creating an ideal setting for outdoor living, relaxation and quiet moments immersed in nature. A residence of remarkable charm and character, offering excellent architectural foundations and significant potential for enhancement through a thoughtful renovation. An elegant and timeless property set in one of Ticino's most desirable residential locations, where privacy, natural light and nature blend harmoniously with the convenience of nearby Lugano. A rare opportunity for those seeking space, prestige and uncompromising quality of living.

In a hillside setting at Cassina d'Agno, minutes from the centre of Lugano, Villa Eden stands on an enclosed plot of 2,840 m² laid out as a private park. Camellias, palms and mature trees screen the estate on every side, while behind it the hillside rises in terraced vineyards. The character is Mediterranean, the impression that of a secluded place the city reaches within minutes and never intrudes upon. Three independent buildings, each with its own access: the main villa, a guest house with private entrance and garage, a carefully restored stone rustico. An arrangement that allows guests to be received, private working quarters to be established or one of the units to be let, with no overlap between them. In the villa, the living room with fireplace flows into the dining area and opens onto the terrace and the three loggias of the south front, where light enters throughout the day. On the same level, the principal bedroom with en-suite bathroom and dressing room, and a second bedroom. The lower level, facing the garden, holds three working rooms, a glazed conservatory and the service quarters, with scope to create a self-contained apartment. The garden lies level around the heated pool, sheltered entirely from view. An approved conversion project covers the villa's entrance level, and the plot carries a development reserve permitting the main building to be extended. An estate fully liveable today, with its next stage already consented.