Luxury real estate for sale Bouaye, France

In close proximity to Bouaye, this 320 m² renovated farmhouse, done according to the rules of the art, will charm you with its exceptional environment, a park enclosed with more than 1.7 hectares of diverse species, as well as a pond welcoming you right at the entrance of the property. The living spaces open up to the park through large windows, bringing brightness and conviviality between the interior and the exterior. The kitchen is fitted and equipped. The park with its multiple species offers tranquility away from prying eyes, whether on the terrace by the pool or in the jacuzzi of the gym. A total of 10 rooms, including two master suites on the ground floor, each with their private shower room and dressing area. Upstairs are five bedrooms and two bathrooms. A separate toilet, of course. Outbuildings, garages, workshops, and shelters are at your disposal. This haven of peace is located just 2 minutes from downtown Bouaye, schools, nurseries, colleges, and shops. ENERGY CLASS: C/ CLIMATE CLASS: A Average estimated annual energy expenses for standard use, based on 2021 indexed energy prices: between €2120 and €2920. Information regarding the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr. Pascal GOHARD 0786422067 EI: RSAC No. 483 906 293 - Nantes. Fees to be borne by the seller. Energy class C, Climate class A. Average estimated annual energy expenses for standard use, based on 2021 energy prices: between €2120.00 and €2920.00. Information regarding the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: georisques.gouv.fr. Your advisor LLOYD DAVIS: Pascal GOHARD Commercial agent (sole proprietorship) RSAC 483 906 293 Nantes RCP VD 7.000.002/004574/ACI22311This description has been automatically translated from French.

Rare set located half an hour south of Nantes near a forest and towards the beaches. Come and discover this property suitable for horse lovers with more than 6 hectares including 5 in fenced meadows with automatic waterers in all the meadows, and in 200 m²: its hay shed, its stable with 3 large boxes (possibility of more), an equine shower, a tack room, finally its real work arena of 50x 40 meters completes this set. On the residence side: more than 240 m² of living space are harmoniously distributed between beautiful living rooms including a large living room of 80 m², a high-end kitchen and 5 bedrooms including two on the ground floor and its cozy bathrooms. a space can easily become a place for guests with its beautiful private part ready for use. The perfectly maintained exteriors are composed of landscaped gardens, vegetable gardens and trees. A large recent swimming pool of 32 m² surrounded by its large terrace will delight the most demanding. What could be more pleasant than having fresh eggs every day thanks to the converted henhouse! Finally, a barn in the garden, and currently transformed into a relaxation lounge, can easily be transformed with its 84 m² of building space. Enclosed complex with a large parking lot. Its additional assets, in addition to the calm surroundings in its small hamlet of a few houses, the quality of renovation and development with an unobstructed view of the countryside, remain in a low energy consumption for this type of property with a programmable pellet stove of 15.5 Kw. Les honoraires d'agence sont à la charge de l'acquéreur, soit 4,50% TTC du prix hors honoraires. Les informations sur les risques auxquels ce bien est exposé sont disponibles sur le site Géorisques : www. georisques. gouv. fr. ** ENGLISH SPEAKERS: please note that Capifrance has an international department that can help with translations. To see our range of 20,000 properties for sale in France, please visit our Capifrance website directly. We look forward to finding your dream home!

Stunning 17th-century Master House of 275m2, located in a privileged environment, sheltered from view. It has undergone a high-quality renovation. It offers beautiful volumes on each floor.On the ground floor: entrance hall, reception room with fireplace, living room with fireplace, living area, kitchen, parental space with bathroom. On the first floor: three bedrooms, two of which are large, a bathroom, an office space, and a 70 m² insulated attic that can be converted. 4,000m2 garden fully enclosed, with no overlooking neighbors and planted (swimmable). Outbuildings (wine cellar, shed, boiler room, storage...)The highlight of this magnificent house is an independent 2-room apartment of approximately 60 m², fully fitted out. (4.79% fees included to be borne by the buyer.)This description has been automatically translated from French.

St Aignan de Grand Lieu. Close to the village. In a cul-de-sac, a lovely well-maintained house. All on one level, it includes a beautiful entrance with a closet, a spacious living area of over 60 m2 comprising a crossing living room with an insert fireplace and a fitted kitchen, all leading to an intimate terrace of 45 m2 and a lovely garden without facing neighbors. A hallway leads to an office, 4 bedrooms, two of which have private bathrooms, a large bathroom with a bathtub and shower, a dressing room, a laundry room, and two independent toilets complete this property. Land of 790m2 without facing neighbors with a semi-inground swimming pool of 6*3.5. A large double garage. Shops, schools, and public transport (line 98 with access to the Neustrie tram) within walking distance. House without any work needed. Contact me, Julien Delanoë, at 06.62.17.78.80 Registered at the RSAC of Nantes under No 827878901 acting under the status of commercial agent on behalf of Immo Nantes. Ref: 2056JDIMMO: fees included charged to the buyer: 4.14%.This description has been automatically translated from French.

EXCLUSIVITY// Stéphane Plaza Immobilier - Nantes Métropole offers you: This elegant house of 170 m², located in a peaceful and sought-after neighborhood. On the ground floor, you will be welcomed by a large, bright living room, ideal for your moments of friendliness, which opens onto a fully fitted and equipped open kitchen. A spacious veranda completes this space, bringing a warm and welcoming atmosphere. The master suite, also on the ground floor, offers comfort and privacy. Upstairs, a hallway leads to four bedrooms and two modern bathrooms, perfect for hosting your family or guests. An attached garage allows you to park securely. This house combines modern comfort and functionality while being located close to shops and public transport, ensuring a practical and pleasant daily life.Reference: 748Clara BASLE02 28 29 19 [email protected](4.35% VAT fees payable by the purchaser.)This description has been automatically translated from French.

Family home of approximately 165 m2, built in 2000. No adjoining properties. Ideally located at the end of a cul-de-sac on a charming little path.Located in the La Bouguinière area of Bouguenais.The house is composed as follows: Entrance with closet under the stairs, spacious living room of over 70 m2, lounge, dining area with fireplace, including an open-plan fitted and equipped kitchen, leading onto the terrace and garden, south/west facing, utility room, games room, bedroom with closet, shower room, and toilet.Upstairs, there is a mezzanine, 2 bedrooms with closets, a bathroom, toilet, and an office or relaxation area.A double garage of approximately 48 m2, with a motorized door, as well as a cellar, complete this property, along with numerous storage spaces.The outdoors invite you to relax, thanks to its swimming pool and petanque court, creating lovely moments to share with family or friends! Technical room for the pool and well. A natural and green setting, all on a plot of over 1,400 m2.The school bus stops just at the end of the path, Bouguinière stop, the town center is less than 5 minutes away by car. Buses 36 and 78 are less than 10 minutes away on foot.This house is very functional and has great potential!Primary energy consumption: class C, 172 Kwh/m2GHG emissions: class C, 27 kg CO2/m2Date of energy diagnosis: 01/10/2024Net Seller Price: €490,000Agency fees: €20,000 borne by the buyers, which is 4.08%Price including agents fees: €510,000If this property meets your expectations, please contact me: Laëtitia Warembourg (EI) O679974288 [email protected] RSAC: 818 935 579This real estate ad was written under the editorial responsibility of Mrs. Laëtitia WAREMBOURG (EI) O679974288, acting as a commercial real estate agent (without holding funds), of SAS FXGIMMO registered at the RSAC of the commercial court of Nantes-Saint-Nazaire, under number 818 935 579, holding the real estate solicitation card for the company FXGimmo. RCP Allianz GP 612 99 851 Mandate 32406 Univers City Immo 23, rue de Nantes 44840 Les Sorinières. The professional guarantees and secures your real estate project. "Information about the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Georisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr" Find all our properties on our website: www.univers-city-immo.frFees included of 4.08% borne by the buyer. Price without fees: €490,000. Energy class C, Climate class C. Estimated average amount of annual energy expenses for standard use, established from 2021 energy prices: between €2210.00 and €3050.00. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Georisques website: georisques.gouv.fr.Your Univers City Immo advisor: Laëtitia WAREMBOURGCommercial agent (Individual Enterprise) RSAC 818 935 579

Nestled in a green setting, at the gates of Nantes in the municipality of Pellerin, close to all amenities, this exceptional residence is part of the historical heritage of the city. It is shielded from view and accessible via a beautiful entrance lined with hedges and century-old trees. It benefits from a magnificent and complete renovation in 2022 and is built on one level, offering a living area of 450 m2. Tastefully arranged with very high-quality features, it offers one of the most luxurious and refined comforts. It features a spacious entrance leading to a sumptuous living room that is harmonious, enhanced by its insert fireplace and exalted by its ceiling height. There is a living room with multiple views of the landscaped garden of 2800 m2, all bathed in light from its numerous bay windows. It extends to a high-end fitted kitchen, thoughtfully designed for its space and featuring a central island. The sleeping area includes four bedrooms with closets, a shower room, a majestic master suite with a private bathroom and custom dressing room. The wonder continues on the lower level, which offers private access and numerous spaces, including a gym or an office, a 23 m2 bedroom with its shower room, served by an exceptional cinema room, extended by a laundry room, an outbuilding, and a cellar, adding the finishing touch to this unique PREMIUM property with numerous assets. Information on risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr. This real estate ad has been written under the editorial responsibility of Mme POISSON (EI), commercial real estate agent registered at the Special Register of Commercial Agents (RSAC) of the commercial court of Nantes under the number 822516118. Contact phone: 06 49 13 08 21.This description has been automatically translated from French.

At the foot of the village of La Chabossière, large detached family house of around 150 m², very well maintained. Set on 1570 m² of land, the ground floor comprises a large entrance hall and study area (2012 extension), a lounge/dining room with fireplace and wood burner, an open-plan fitted and equipped kitchen and a large south-facing terrace with no overlooked views. A hallway leads to 4 large bedrooms, a bathroom with bath and shower, a shower room with toilet and a second separate toilet. The basement includes a laundry room/utility room with plenty of storage space, an adjoining room with a third toilet and two very large garages (39 and 53m²), one of which can accommodate a van/utility unit/camper van. Outside, an electric gate opens onto the garden, which includes a well and its pump (water used for the garden and some of the house's equipment). Benefits : - Great location, close to shops and public transport - Large plot of over 1,500 m² - Comfortable surface area and potential for development - Ample parking and storage space (van/camping-car/do-it-yourself workshop, etc.) Please note - Individual electric heating - Property tax: €2,929/year - Connected to the mains drainage system - Conventional consumption (kWhEP/m2.an) : 191 (D) - Estimated emissions (kg CO2/m2.yr): 6 (B) - Max/min energy cost: €1,610/€2,240 - Price reference year: 2021 Selling price: €461,700 incl. VAT (Fees payable by the seller) Interested in this property? To arrange a viewing with us, simply book an appointment online at a time that suits you best. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr This property is not potentially affected by such a risk. This property advertisement has been drawn up under the editorial responsibility of Mr Benoit MONTY, EI, real estate agent registered with the special register of commercial agents of the Nantes Commercial Court. SAS Abriculteurs immobilier with a capital of €5,000.00 registered under the SIREN number 837704584 whose legal representative is Mr Adrien Piot.

Welcome to Abriculteurs. Here you'll find all the key information, professional photos, a dimensioned floor plan and a virtual tour to help you get started! Rue Théophile Guillou, at the foot of Saint-Herblain town centre, comfortable three-bedroom apartment with private garden in good condition. In a 2013 building with lift, on garden level, the flat comprises an entrance hall with cupboard that opens onto a main room with fitted and equipped kitchen, a terrace and a private garden, a hallway, two bedrooms with cupboards, a bathroom and separate wc. Private parking in the basement. Benefits : - Modern building, ideally located in Saint-Herblain - Terrace and private small garden, quietly located on the inside of the building - Modern, well-maintained flat with no work required Please note - Individual gas heating - Property tax: 1,025€/year - Annual running costs: 720€/year, all inclusive - The property is subject to co-ownership status: 34 main lots - Flat no. 4. Share : 337/10.000e - Car park n°38. Share: €19/10,000 - No legal proceedings in progress - Conventional consumption (kWhEP/m2.an) : 122 (C) - Estimated emissions (kg CO2/m2.an) : 24 (C) - Max/min energy cost: €720/€1,010 - Price reference year: 2021 Selling price : 237.044 € incl. VAT (excluding agency fees) Fees payable by the buyer of €9,956, representing a total of €247,000 (Agency Fees Included) or 4.2% of the sale price. Sale under delegated mandate. Interested in this property? To arrange a viewing with us, simply book an appointment online at a time that suits you best. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr This property is not potentially affected by such a risk. This property advertisement has been drawn up under the editorial responsibility of Mr Benoit MONTY, EI, real estate agent registered with the special register of commercial agents of the Nantes Commercial Court. SAS Abriculteurs immobilier with a capital of €5,000.00 registered under the SIREN number 837704584 whose legal representative is Mr Adrien Piot.

Située dans le bourg de Couëron, à proximité immédiate des commerces, des transports et des écoles, cette charmante maison de compose au rez-de-chaussée d'une vaste entrée donnant sur un grand bureau, idéal pour exercer.......... , un vestibule avec WC, une pièce de vie spacieuse alliant fonctionnalités avec sa cuisine ouverte et le charme de l'ancien par ses parquet et sa cheminée. Au premier niveau, on retrouve une magnifique suite parentale avec dressing, baignoire, douche à l'italienne et toilettes, une buanderie, deux chambre et une salle de bain commune. Le dernier niveau offre un grand palier avec bureau et bibliothèque, trois grandes chambres et une salle d'eau. L'entièreté de cette maison est alimentée par un poêle à granules Un jardin/ cour ainsi qu'une cave viennent compléter ce bien. (4.76 % fees incl. VAT at the buyer's expense.)

iad France - Erwan Cholet (06 59 82 30 53) offers you: Discover this beautiful character longère, located in a calm and green environment, in the heart of the countryside of Saint-Étienne-de-Montluc, near Couëron. With a living area of 190 m² (219 m² on the ground), this longère with 5 bedrooms offers large volumes and a pleasant living environment. On the ground floor, discover an entrance leading to a bright kitchen with a view of the garden, a warm living-dining room of 47 m² with a recent wood stove, a new shower room with WC, a master suite with a wood insert and its own shower room with WC. Upstairs, a spacious versatile landing of 25 m² (game room, office, or guest room) leads to four bedrooms and a bathroom with WC. The enclosed plot of 13,500 m², without overlooking, is ideal for keeping horses or other animals. The property also includes a 60 m² stone garage, several outbuildings of about 130 m², and a 30 m² cellar. Autonomous sanitation is to be planned. The advantages: • Large land suitable for animals, buildable for a pool, and equipped with a well used for the washing machine and outdoor areas • Calm environment, no overlooking • Ideal exposure: South • Spacious garage and various outbuildings • DPE: C, ensuring good energy performance • Gas heating with part of the ground floor equipped with underfloor heating • Fiber, centralized vacuum, wood stove, and wood insert A charming property, ideal for nature lovers!This description has been automatically translated from French.

Casavo offers for sale this modern and eco-friendly architect-designed house in Couëron - Port-Launay.Do you dream of a place where comfort, modernity, and serenity perfectly combine? This architect-designed house from 2012, located in Port-Launay, Couëron, is a true haven of peace offering high-end amenities and contemporary design.Main features:•Surface: 200 m² on one level, ideal for spacious and functional family living.•Layout: 5 bright bedrooms, 2 shower rooms, and 1 bathroom, perfect for everyone's comfort.•Fitted and equipped Schmidt kitchen: Designed for culinary enthusiasts and conviviality.•Double garage: Large enough to accommodate two vehicles in length.The advantages that make a difference:•Light and space: A large Technal bay window that floods the house with natural light, creating a warm and welcoming atmosphere.•Absolute calm: Nestled in a green environment with no overlooking neighbors, this house offers a peaceful and preserved setting.•Modern comfort: Centralized vacuum system and double flow VMC for optimal ventilation.An eco-friendly and practical property:•BBC label (Low Consumption Building): Energy class A, ensuring remarkable energy performance.•Heated pool: An ideal relaxation area to fully enjoy the beautiful days.•4,000-liter rainwater collector (buried concrete): An additional ecological and economical benefit.Why choose this house?Located just a few minutes from Nantes, this property is perfect for a family wishing to combine urban proximity with a privileged living environment. With its generous spaces, modern amenities, and peaceful surroundings, it is a unique opportunity not to be missed.Contact us now to arrange a visit and discover this exceptional house!This property is marketed by Casavo.Interested in this property? More information on the Casavo website.This description has been automatically translated from French.

EXCLUSIVITY. Couëron, La Chabossière, 1 km from the village. Old house of 134 m2. It includes on the ground floor an entrance, a living-dining room of 40 m2, a fitted kitchen, a second living room of 22 m2, one bedroom, a hallway with a water room (bathtub and shower), a toilet, and a veranda. Upstairs, a hallway and two large bedrooms with parquet flooring. This house has great potential for development with its many outbuildings. Indeed, outside you will find a cellar, a large room of 30 m2 with an indoor barbecue, a storage room, a small workshop, and a garage of 22 m2 with a motorized gate. Fully enclosed garden with no overlooking. Plot of 446 m2 facing West. Schools and shops 1 km away, public transport within walking distance (line 71 with access to the tram). Atlantis in 5 minutes. Work needed.Contact me, Julien Delanoë at 06.62.17.78.80 Registered in the RSAC of Nantes under No. 827878901 acting under the status of commercial agent on behalf of Immo Nantes. Reference: 2068JDIMMO: fees included borne by the buyer: 5%.This description has been automatically translated from French.

On the outskirts of Nantes, a beautiful character home of 400 m² with outbuildings, a swimming pool, and tennis court located in the heart of a 4-hectare park.An entrance, vast reception areas in a row with fireplaces, a large ground-level kitchen overlooking a magnificent landscaped park, eight bedrooms, four bathrooms, and two attics. The completely walled park features a pond, a swimming pool with a poolhouse, and a tennis court.Possibility to acquire additional outbuildings (3.50% fees included at the buyer's expense).This description has been automatically translated from French.

Canada has a long tradition of wood construction. This large single-story house has benefited from this know-how and the quality of Canadian woods. In the very pleasant environment of a lovely countryside, it offers a vast and warm living space with a wood stove. The layout of the house allows one wing to be reserved for the owners (bedroom, bathroom, large office), while the other wing has three bedrooms and a washroom.5,000 m2 garden with a large shelter for cars, an above-ground pool, and a beautiful wooden outbuilding of 100 m2.For one horse, it is possible to rent an adjoining one-hectare pasture.Information about potential risks that this property might be exposed to is available on the Géorisques site: www.georisques.gouv.fr- Fees are the responsibility of the seller.- Price of the property excluding fees: 0 €This description has been automatically translated from French.

iad France - Sarah Allain (06 84 45 17 61) offers you: Discover this exceptional villa located in La Chevrolière, just 20 km from Nantes and 45 minutes from Pornic and the sea. Nestled on a plot of 3018 m² with no overlooked areas, this property of 326 m² of living space, built in 2007 with excellent quality materials, is a true real estate gem offering a rare and privileged living environment.The vast living room of 91 m², featuring triple exposure, air conditioning, and a suspended insert fireplace, will captivate you with its warm and bright atmosphere in all seasons. The kitchen, flooded with light thanks to its glass roof and direct access to the central patio, embodies the convivial heart of the house.The five bedrooms, all equipped with private shower rooms, ensure comfort and intimacy, with a special mention for the master suite with a dressing room and private bathroom. An immense office and spacious laundry room perfectly meet the needs of daily and professional life.This property offers a double motorized garage of 44 m², an additional detached garage of 26 m², as well as a carport of 50 m², providing multiple parking, storage, and shelving possibilities. Also enjoy a heated swimming pool with a heat pump, accompanied by its pool house, for moments of absolute relaxation.This villa, with its idyllic setting near Grand Lieu lake and its stunning views of the surrounding nature, offers an unparalleled haven of peace. The energy performance of the house is optimized thanks to an economical heating system with a heat pump, ensuring thermal comfort throughout the year.Do not miss this unique opportunity to acquire a property combining luxury, comfort, and tranquility, perfectly suited for a discerning clientele seeking an exceptional living environment.Agency fees are the responsibility of the seller. Energy display information for this property: ENERGY class C index 124 and CLIMATE class A index 3. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr. This real estate advertisement has been prepared under the editorial responsibility of Mrs. Sarah Allain EI (ID 29260), independent real estate agent (without holding funds), commercial agent of SAS I@D France registered with the NANTES RSAC under the number 501299358, holder of the real estate prospecting card on behalf of I@D France SAS. Find all our properties on our website. www.iadfrance.frThis description has been automatically translated from French.

SAINT HERBLAIN BEAUSEJOUR, T3 type apartment fully renovated, located on the top floor, consisting of: a large living area with fitted and equipped kitchen, 2 bedrooms, bathroom and shower, separate toilet, wardrobes, double glazing PVC, parking space in the basement and cellar. (7.14% fees incl. VAT payable by the buyer.) Co-ownership of 135 lots (No ongoing proceedings). Annual charges: 2400 euros.This description has been automatically translated from French.

iad France - Yamna Boyer (06 35 29 77 86) offers you: Guaranteed crush for this house ideally located in a very sought-after neighborhood of Saint Herblain, close to shops, schools, and public transport. Large family house composed on the ground floor: A large entrance with closets, a bright living room/lounge overlooking the garden, a large kitchen with pantry, an office, a dining room, a shower room, and separate toilets. Upstairs, the Night area has a suite with dressing room and shower room, plus three bedrooms, with a bathroom, toilets, and laundry. The exterior offers a beautiful enclosed and wooded garden with its terrace, a 4x9 pool, and its pool house, all in tranquility. Garage, workshop. Agency fees payable by the seller. Energy display information for this property: ENERGY class C index 124 and CLIMATE class C index 24. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr. This real estate announcement was drafted under the editorial responsibility of Ms. Yamna Boyer EI (ID 29762), independent real estate agent (without holding funds), commercial agent of SAS I@D France registered at the La Rochelle RSAC under number 839316585, holder of the real estate canvassing card on behalf of I@D France SAS. Find all our properties on our website. www.iadfrance.frThis description has been automatically translated from French.

Rare: new residence with 12 lots in a residential area. 7 minutes on foot to the town hall, shops, and schools. RE 2020 standards, delivery in the first half of 2026, reduced notary fees.Superb T4 of 100m2 on the top floor with a magnificent terrace of over 60m2.High-quality features: - Heat pump, electric roller shutters, 2 parking spaces (pre-equipped for electric cars), bike storage. - Master suite with dressing room, two other bedrooms, pantry, separate toilet, cupboards, bathroom with double sink and Italian shower. - Possibility to customize the interior plans.Contact usFees payable by the seller. In a co-ownership of 12 lots. No ongoing procedures. Not subject to DPE. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: georisques.gouv.fr.This description has been automatically translated from French.

EXCLUSIVITY. St Herblain Bourg. Quiet cul-de-sac. 700 m from all amenities. In a green environment, a lovely house from the 2000s in excellent condition. It includes on the ground floor, a bright open living space composed of a living-dining room with a fireplace (insert), a fitted kitchen. All opening onto a beautiful tiled terrace of 25 m2 and onto a garden with no vis-à-vis. A hallway leads to a toilet, a master bedroom with a dressing room and a private shower room. A laundry room and a garage complete this level. Upstairs, a hallway leads to 3 bedrooms, one with an adjoining office, a large bathroom, and a separate toilet. Independent house, enclosed garden, without vis-à-vis and well exposed. Heated semi-buried pool measuring 5.79*4.33. Outbuilding with pool filtration system and storage. Woodshed. No work to be done. Underfloor heating, alarm, electric awning. Schools, shops, and public transport (lines 50, 71, and 91) within walking distance. Tram and Atlantis 5 minutes away. A small haven of peace with all amenities nearby.Contact me, Julien Delanoë at 06.62.17.78.80 Registered with the Nantes RSAC under No 827878901 acting under the status of commercial agent on behalf of Immo Nantes. Reference: 2122JDIMMO: fees included at the charge of the buyer: 5%. 'Information about the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr'This description has been automatically translated from French.