luxury houses for sale Treillières, France

Nantes Sotheby's Realty offers for sale, just 30 minutes from Nantes in the commune of Grandchamp-des-Fontaines, this magnificent character château dating from the 15th and 18th centuries, with approximately 500 m² of living space. Built from the 15th century onward and later extended and remodeled in the 18th century, this charming residence stands at the heart of a 1.2-hectare wooded park. Set on one of the highest points in the commune, it enjoys a peaceful and privileged setting, offering open views over the surrounding countryside, enhanced by majestic two-hundred-year-old trees. From the moment you step inside, the charm is undeniable. The reception rooms captivate with their generous proportions and remarkable ceiling heights. The vast living room, featuring a period fireplace, opens onto an elegant reception salon, also fitted with a fireplace and enhanced by magnificent 18th-century tapestries and paintings. On the other side of the entrance, a large independent kitchen with its monumental fireplace harmoniously completes the living spaces. A superb wooden staircase serves the various levels of the residence. Extending from the kitchen, and accessible via a tuffeau stone staircase, two fully independent guest bedrooms offer genuine potential for a hospitality business. Each has its own shower room, one of which also benefits from a pleasant private garden. Upstairs, a spacious landing leads to a master suite comprising a study, a bedroom, a dressing room, and a shower room. The other part of the floor houses three additional bedrooms along with a shower room, with the possibility of creating a private shower room for one of the bedrooms. The top level is dedicated to extensive convertible attic space. With water supply and drainage already installed, this space offers significant potential for creating suites, additional bedrooms, apartments, or leisure areas, according to your wishes. Outside, the landscaped park forms a true green haven. The property also includes a caretaker's house of approximately 61 m², currently rented, comprising two bedrooms, a cellar beneath part of the château, several garages accommodating up to four vehicles, and a large barn offering numerous development possibilities. A rare property combining authenticity, charm, and potential — ideal as a prestigious family residence, a hospitality venture, or the development of a character tourism project, just minutes from Nantes. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr

Family property of 280 m² – Possibility of 2 independent dwellings – Landscaped grounds of 4,457 m²Just 3 minutes from the center of La Chapelle-sur-Erdre, discover a rare property that combines exceptional volumes, comfort of living, and potential for development. In a green and preserved environment, in close proximity to the Gesvres, this 280 m² living space offers a privileged living environment, where the tranquility of nature meets the convenience of shops, schools, and transportation. Upon entering, the volumes attract attention. The 44 m² living room and the 32 m² dining room harmoniously revolve around a through fireplace, creating a warm and inviting atmosphere. Very bright, the dining room opens generously onto a 30 m² terrace facing southwest, ideal for fully enjoying the beautiful days. Designed for family life, the house offers four bedrooms on the ground floor, including a magnificent master suite of 33 m² with its dressing room, its private shower room with double sink, and independent toilets. Two other shower rooms and several toilets complete this particularly comfortable and functional sleeping area. Overlooking the living room, a vast 46 m² mezzanine provides an additional living space that is particularly appreciated. Office, teleworking space, library, or secondary lounge, everyone can find their place there. On the first floor, a fifth bedroom of 22 m² with a water point completes the whole. An attic of 50 m² also adds to the property. Already insulated and equipped with double-glazed windows and skylights, it serves as a true reserve of space, ready to be converted according to your desires and projects. One of the great assets of this property lies in its particularly versatile configuration. It allows for the easy creation of two independent dwellings, a rare opportunity for a family, intergenerational, rental, or investment project. The semi-buried basement of 215 m² further enhances this flexibility. It includes an independent T1 of 35 m² with a separate kitchen, living room, and shower room with toilet, perfect for hosting a relative or generating additional income. Two large garages and two cellars complete this set. Outside, the landscaped grounds of 4,457 m² offer a privileged natural setting, conducive to relaxation and leisure, while maintaining immediate proximity to amenities. Regarding facilities, a significant investment was made in 2024 with the installation of a heat pump, a complete modernization of the heating system. A recent and efficient installation is already in place for future owners. Fiber optic, quality joinery, and particularly well-maintained surroundings complete the whole. No interior work is required. A rare property in the area, offering both a privileged living environment, beautiful volumes, and numerous development possibilities. Contact us to discover the full potential of this house during a visit. Agency fees are the responsibility of the buyer, amounting to 3.29% including tax of the price excluding fees. Information about the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques site: www.georisques.gouv.fr. Contact Françoise AILLET Individual Entrepreneur, OptimHome Commercial Agent (RSAC N°850 957 432 Registry of NANTES) 06 63 92 48 90 (ref. 605448)This description has been automatically translated from French.

Residential and quiet neighborhood, near the Cens, close to shops and transportation. Wooded plot of 950m2. Composition: Ground floor: Entrance, dining room, double living room with fireplace (access to terrace), kitchen (access to cellar), and 1 master suite with shower room. 1st floor: 3 bedrooms, bathroom. Last floor: Multi-purpose space (gym, game or TV room). Annexes: Garage, laundry room, boiler room. Advantages: Absolute calm with a countryside house spirit. Proximity to amenities. Generous volume and bright living spaces.This description has been automatically translated from French.

BARNES Nantes exclusively offers this renovated house in the highly sought-after Petit Chantilly neighborhood of Orvault, offering a peaceful yet convenient living environment, close to the Cens Valley, schools, shops, and public transport. From the very first moment, the spaciousness and brightness are captivating: The spacious living room with generous openings bathes the space in natural light throughout the day. The flowing layout harmoniously connects the living room, dining room, and contemporary kitchen, creating a welcoming space for entertaining or sharing family time. Spanning several levels, the house offers five to six bedrooms, including a space that can be used as an office, as well as a beautiful master suite. Each floor has been designed to combine comfort and privacy. The materials and finishes reflect a quality renovation, combining comfort and modernity. This beautiful family home also features a laundry area, a cellar, and a large garage. Agency fees payable by vendor

The advertiser did not provide an english description for this listing.

Located in the town of Orvault, hidden from view, this family house of approximately 118m2 offers three bedrooms, an office, and a large garage. The ground floor features a separate entrance and a large dressing room, providing a beautiful living area of about 60m2 with an open kitchen and fireplace. Large bay windows open onto the terraces and the enclosed garden. The first floor consists of three bedrooms, a bathroom, and a separate toilet. Access to the garage is possible from the street, the entrance, and also from the garden. The surroundings promise beautiful wooded walks. Shops, the media library, and public transport are easily accessible on foot. Fees charged to the buyer of 5%. Contact Anne-Sophie CRIAUD at 06 20 61 13 96 registered with the Nantes RSAC under number 797949203 on behalf of ImmoNantes. This ad is offered to you by Criaud Anne Sophie - NoRSAC: 797949203, Registered at the Commercial Court Registry of NANTES.This description has been automatically translated from French.

NEW EXCLUSIVITY COLDWELL BANKER FRANKLIN REAL ESTATE Contemporary house with pool and unobstructed view This architect-designed house offers 194 m² of living space on a plot of more than 1,000 m², without any overlooking neighbors. Located in a green environment, it stands out for its generous volumes, high-end features, and perfect integration between indoors and outdoors. The entrance opens onto a superb, bright, cross-light living space. The living-dining room extends to an open, fitted, and fully equipped kitchen. The house offers a ground-floor master suite with a dressing room and shower room. Upstairs, you will find three bedrooms and a bathroom. Outside, a large terrace with triple exposure, a heated pool, and a closed and planted garden complete this exceptional property. The house also has a large garage. An ideal house, in immediate proximity to shops and schools accessible on foot. Selling price 1,065,900 HAI, including 4.5% agency fees charged to the buyer, making a net seller price of 1,020,000 € Contact: Vanessa LAIRIE - 06 75 05 86 71 - [email protected] description has been automatically translated from French.

Near the banks of the Erdre River and the Château de la Poterie, let yourself be charmed by this magnificent, characterful stone farmhouse, combining old-world charm, generous proportions, and an exceptional living environment, just 500 meters from the tram-train. With approximately 200 m² of living space, this beautiful home offers on the ground floor a spacious dining room, a fitted and equipped kitchen, a welcoming living room with a period fireplace, two bedrooms with built-in wardrobes, and a bathroom with WC. Upstairs, a landing leads to three further good-sized bedrooms, a shower room, a WC with washbasin, and a second bathroom. The property also includes numerous outbuildings: a converted annex, a garage, an attic, a cellar, a workshop, a barn that could be converted into a garage, and a pond offering significant potential. Situated on a superb plot of approximately 8,750 m², this property enjoys a privileged setting, ideal for lovers of nature, space, and the charm of beautiful stonework. A rare and charming property, not to be missed.

Located a stone's throw from the Erdre river, in a wooded park behind the Château de la Poterie, this 238 m2 architect-designed house made of Canadian wood will seduce you with its generous volumes and exceptional light. The house includes: - a living room of more than 90 m2, facing East? South? West, benefiting from large openings onto the surrounding nature; - a separate kitchen, extended by an adjoining back kitchen and laundry room; - four bedrooms including a master suite with a 14 m2 bedroom, a dressing room of more than 11 m2 and a private bathroom. Two additional bathrooms, one with a toilet, and two separate toilets complete the property. The wooded plot of 2,666 m2 offers a true haven of greenery. A carport provides shelter for two vehicles with storage space, and a garden shed completes the outdoor amenities. In the heart of the highly sought-after La Chesnaie area, this rare property offers a privileged lifestyle just minutes from the Nantes metropolis. Information on the risks to which this property may be exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr

Built in 2008, this contemporary house offers a peaceful and secluded living environment, free from overlooking neighbors and noise pollution. Designed for comfortable living, it impresses with its spaciousness, natural light, and high-quality amenities. From the moment you enter, the living room creates a wonderful sense of openness. Bright and inviting, it opens onto a south-facing terrace, ideal for enjoying the sun throughout the day and extending your living space outdoors. The ground floor features a master bedroom, practical and comfortable for everyday use. Upstairs, two additional bedrooms complete the layout, with the possibility of creating a fourth bedroom if needed. A lovely terrace also extends from this level. The house boasts a unique indoor pool area of ??over 70 m², a true asset for enjoying relaxation year-round. This exceptional space adds another dimension to the property and enhances its overall comfort. In terms of amenities, the house benefits from state-of-the-art home automation, allowing you to control the lighting, heating, and more. A heat pump, a high-end dehumidifier, and carefully selected fixtures: everything has been designed to offer a modern, easy-to-live-in, and high-performance home. A large garage completes this property, situated on a beautiful plot in a pleasant and peaceful setting. A contemporary, functional, and comfortable home, ideal for those seeking spacious rooms and quality features. Contact me to arrange a viewing and discover the full potential of this house. Energy Performance Certificate (EPC): Energy Class C / Climate Class A Average energy prices indexed on August 15, 2015 (including subscription): euros1,062 Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr This property, with its rare charm, will appeal to nature lovers and those seeking spaciousness, looking for a unique and tranquil home. To view this property, please contact Guillaume Bionda at +33 6 52 14 50 56 or [email protected] Sales Agent RSAC 2023AC00227 NANTES

Unique house in the fantastic location of La Chapelle Sur Erdre. The property is now for sale. The sans vis-à-vis views sans vis-à-vis are wonderful. The house benefits from 600 sq. m of living space. Two terraces provide the perfect space for you to unwind. An attractive entrance hall flows beautifully through to two lounges, a dining room, two living rooms and one reception room. Eight bedrooms are available to accommodate your family and guests. A home library and a home gym can also be enjoyed. With its good condition, this property really stands out. www.georisques.gouv.fr

Located in a sought-after area between Nantes and La Chapelle-sur-Erdre, nestled in a lush, wooded setting of 3,200 m2, this spacious house of over 260 m2 is ideal for a family seeking ample indoor and outdoor living space. The ground floor comprises an entrance hall, a living room, a dining room with a fireplace, an open-plan kitchen, a master suite, a bathroom, an office, a WC, and two terraces. Upstairs, there are three bedrooms, a bathroom, a WC, and two attics offering a total area of 150 m2 that could be converted. A garage with space for two cars and a cellar complete this property. Exclusive, only at Nord Loire Transactions. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr

Built in 1982 on a 2,432 sqm wooded plot overlooking the Erdre River, this 187 sqm family home features eight rooms, including seven bedrooms, centered around a rare asset: a covered swimming pool, accessible directly from the living room, extending the life of the house year-round. A spacious veranda opening onto the garden completes this peaceful and secluded setting. The entrance hall, clad in travertine tiles, leads to the ground-floor living areas. The 38 sqm living room, warmed by an inset fireplace, opens through a large arched window onto the pool: from the sofa, the gaze sweeps across the turquoise water, a unique feature that lends the room the feel of a permanent holiday retreat. The separate, fitted and equipped kitchen connects to the veranda, perfect for al fresco dining in fine weather. Two bedrooms, a shower room, and a toilet complete this level, allowing for single-level living. Upstairs, a large landing bathed in light from the skylights lends itself to a variety of uses--library, playroom, or workspace. It provides access to five bedrooms, a bathroom, and ample storage. Outside, the swimming pool benefits from a high telescopic enclosure that retracts completely in the summer, extending from a reception veranda where a summer lounge and a ping-pong table coexist comfortably. The garden, planted with mature trees, stretches towards a low hedge that offers views of the meadow and the Erdre River below. An attached garage, a timber-framed carport, and several outdoor parking spaces complete the amenities, as does fiber optic internet access. The village center of La Chapelle-sur-Erdre, with its shops and schools, is a 5-minute drive away. The tram-train station, less than 5 minutes away, puts the center of Nantes 20 minutes away, also accessible in about 20 minutes by car. Rare in this sought-after area along the banks of the Erdre, this house, where you can swim year-round, is simply waiting to be discovered. Energy Performance Certificate (EPC): D -- 171 kWh/sqm/year Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG): D -- 38 kg CO?/sqm/year Estimated annual energy costs: between EUR3,220 and EUR4,440 per year (average energy prices indexed to 2021, 2022, and 2023) Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques website: www.georisques.gouv.fr To view this property, contact Guillaume Bionda at 33 6 52 14 50 56 or [email protected] Commercial Agent RSAC 2023AC00227 NANTES

Discover this magnificent architect-designed house, built in 1988, on a plot of 2666sqm in a quiet and sought-after residential area of La Chapelle-sur-Erdre. With a living area of 237sqm, this house offers generous and bright living spaces. On the ground floor, you will be welcomed by a spacious entrance which opens onto a large living room including a bar, a warm living room with its wood stove, a dining room, and a second dining area. The closed, fitted and equipped kitchen is ideal for lovers of gastronomy. You will also find a laundry room, a scullery, and a vestibule with a cellar and a storage room. This level also has a comfortable bedroom, a cloakroom with WC, and a hallway leading to a bathroom with WC and a master bedroom with dressing room and adjoining bathroom. On level -1, this house offers a living room/games room, two additional bedrooms and a bathroom with WC. Outside, you will benefit from an open double garage and a garden shed. The enclosed, wooded garden, with its south-east facing terrace, offers a peaceful and green setting for your moments of relaxation in the open air. This property is ideally located, just 15 minutes walk from Erdre-Active train station, making your travel easier. Transport: Tram-Train Erdre-Active station and La Chesnaie bus stop For more information and to organize a visit, contact: Guillaume Bionda on 06 52 14 50 56 or by email at [email protected]. Commercial Agent RSAC 2023AC00227 NANTES. ENERGY CLASS: D / CLIMATE CLASS: D. Estimated average amount of annual energy expenditure for standard use, established based on energy prices for the year 2021: between 1530 euros and 2110 euros. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisks website: www.georisks.gouv.fr.

Ref.4338: Beautiful property for sale in the French Loire-Atlantique department. La Chapelle-sur-Erdre is a dynamic community in the Nantes metropolitan area. Shops and businesses are well established. There is a wide range of schools, from nursery to high school, both public and private. The tram-train takes you to Nantes station in 20 minutes. All local shops are within easy walking distance of the property. In the town centre, the property is well hidden behind a high perimeter wall. The gate opens onto a gravelled driveway. Nearby, the caretaker's cottage is discreetly tucked away behind the vegetation. The two facades of the main house are identical, consisting of three bays, the middle one of which is in the forecourt. The walls of the house are brick, with ashlar quoins and window surrounds. The roofs are covered in slate. A large terrace extends the building on the parkland side. A flat-roofed extension adjoining a gable takes up the architectural codes of the dwelling and now houses the large lounge. On the ground floor, the main rooms are lit by tall French windows that open onto the vast terrace. The remarkable trees of the park form the skyline. The large lounge, measuring over 90 m², features an astonishing painted stone fireplace. Two adjoining lounges and the dining room. The kitchen and entrance hall face the front of the property. A wide wooden staircase with a wrought iron banister leads to the two upper floors. On the first floor, a landing leads to four large bedrooms - two of which have en suite bathrooms - and a separate bathroom. The second floor comprises four bedrooms, two wardrobes and a bathroom. The house is built entirely over a vast basement, partly converted into a living area with kitchen, lounge and sports room with sauna. There are also vast cellars, a workshop, a storeroom and a wine cellar. The outbuildings are set against the property's perimeter wall. The six-room caretaker's cottage just needs some finishing work to make it habitable. It is adjoined by a sports room, a greenhouse and a large garage. A henhouse and a shed are set a little way back in the grounds. These buildings are ideal for professional use. More than a hectare of enclosed parkland, remarkable for the quality and stature of its trees and plants. A pond has been laid out: the water circulation system allows the fish to thrive. Cabinet LE NAIL – Nantes and peripheral areas – Mrs Nadine RIANT : +33 (0)2.43.98.20.20. Mrs Nadine RIANT, Individual company, registered in the Special Register of Commercial Agents, under the number 344 131 503. We invite you to visit our website Cabinet Le Nail to browse our latest listings or learn more about this property.

The advertiser did not provide an english description for this listing.

Total Usable Area: Approx. 860 m² Grounds: 12,805 m² (over 3 acres) Rooms: 23 rooms | 11 bedrooms A Private and Serene Haven in the Town Center Located within immediate proximity to all local amenities, this exceptional private estate enjoys a rare location, offering absolute peace and complete privacy. Nestled within 12,805 m² of beautifully wooded grounds featuring magnificent listed trees, a pond, and a very large terrace, this rare property stands out for its grand volumes and immense potential. The entire property—comprising the manor house, the caretaker's cottage, and the outbuildings—is in excellent condition. The Main Manor House (695 m² – 4 Levels) This character-filled manor house spans four levels, offering great versatility of use: Ground Floor (Reception Spaces): The entrance hallway leads to several reception rooms, a library, a dining room, and a kitchen. The centerpiece of the home is a grand living room of approximately 92 m² with remarkable ceiling heights and a listed, fully functional fireplace. Upper Floors (Sleeping Quarters): 8 spacious bedrooms, complemented by independent bathrooms and dressing areas. Fully Converted Basement: A fitness room, an authentic wine cellar, a kitchen, a boiler room, as well as extensive storage and workshop spaces. Renovated Caretaker's Cottage (116 m²) Completely independent and fully renovated, this cottage is ideal for hosting guests, running a guesthouse (gîte), or housing staff. It features: An entrance opening into a bright living room 3 bedrooms A fully fitted kitchen with a utility room, and a shower room. Charming Outbuildings Built with high-quality materials and in perfect condition, these outbuildings beautifully complement the estate and are perfectly suited for various cultural, event, or well-being projects: An orangery and a greenhouse A private dojo A workshop, a large garage, storage areas, and a chicken coop. Technical Specifications and Features Premium Amenities: Alarm system, intercom, motorized gate, and fiber optic internet connection. Heating: Oil-fired heating for the manor, gas heating for the caretaker's cottage. Sanitation: Mains drainage (mains sewer). Property Tax (Taxe Foncière): €5,683. Co-ownership (Copropriété): No. Our Review: A unique estate on the market that will accommodate all your ambitions, whether for a grand family home, a professional project, or a boutique hospitality venture. An exceptional heritage property to be discovered without delay. Contact for information and viewings: OptimHome – Pascal ROGER (+33 6 78 13 43 87) The fees are to be paid by the seller. Les informations sur les risques auxquels ce bien est exposé sont disponibles sur le site Géorisques : www. georisques. gouv. fr. Contact your local agent, Pascal ROGER, NANTES, Optimhome Associate Estate Agent at 06 78 13 43 87 (ref 600460)

RARE - Located in the heart of the hamlet of Bongarant in the municipality of Sautron, just 15 minutes from Nantes, this superb property offers an idyllic living environment that combines spaciousness, modern comfort, nature, and quality equestrian facilities. Perfectly maintained, this individual house is surrounded by a vast landscaped garden with a pool, enjoying unobstructed views of the surrounding countryside, in a tranquil setting away from prying eyes.It features equestrian facilities that will delight enthusiasts: a separate building includes two horse boxes (3x3m), a tack room, and an area for preparation and storage, completed by a third small adjoining box and open wood shelters; a sand arena allows for working with horses in optimal conditions. The fully fenced pastures have direct access to a path, with the possibility of electrification.The house includes a large entrance, a bright living room, with wide bay windows opening onto the terrace bordered by lush greenery. The modern, equipped kitchen charms with its layout and also has access to the terrace. A back kitchen/laundry completes this functional space. On the ground floor, there is a master suite with an elegant and spacious shower room, a WC, and storage. Upstairs, three bright bedrooms, a bathroom, and a large multifunctional room offer numerous possibilities for use.The garage allows for easy parking and additional storage. You also have several outdoor parking spots in the enclosed yard.Outside, the south-southeast facing terrace invites relaxation; you can stroll gently surrounded by magnificent tree foliage to discover the heated pool and its intimate terrace. An adjoining technical room could serve as a summer kitchen.Natural slate roof, double glazing with motorized shutters, electric heating, and ventilation system. Everything is in place for comfortable living.The protected location in the heart of Bongarant with its heritage value offers an exceptional sought-after living environment, combining green surroundings, tranquility, and quality amenities with evolving equestrian infrastructure. A living space, ready to welcome its new owners in search of a privileged environment full of potential.This is sure to be a heart-stopper!

The advertiser did not provide an english description for this listing.

Space, beautiful amenities, and contemporary style for this south-facing house with family volume, surrounded by a vast, well-maintained landscaped garden with an impeccable swimming pool, near the Nantes golf course. This modern house of nearly 170m² of living space is located within a prestigious private residence, recognized for its privileged environment. The bus to schools is just a few steps away.The architecture of the house affirms the overall identity: sober lines, open volumes, and omnipresent light, with underfloor heating throughout the house. The high-ceilinged living room, complemented by a stove, constitutes a warm and elegant living space, widely opened onto the garden. It is extended by a dining room, a second lounge with a fireplace, and an office space, all offering distinct atmospheres while maintaining a beautiful continuity. The fitted and equipped kitchen is very bright and opens onto the terrace; it could be opened and expanded towards the dining room. The house allows for single-story living thanks to a bedroom on the ground floor with a shower room and storage. A utility room and a garage complete this level. Upstairs, four bedrooms welcome family and guests, as well as an additional room that could serve as an extra child’s bedroom, a playroom, or an office. Finally, an attic provides extra storage space.In terms of features, the house is equipped with a heat pump with underfloor heating on both levels, ensuring energy efficiency and thermal comfort.The large landscaped garden is an obvious asset, where one can stroll as well as host outdoor convivial moments. On a beautiful and large wooded plot, carefully landscaped, the property benefits from a south-facing exposure, offering optimal brightness. The terrace naturally extends the living spaces towards a spacious and private garden, a true green oasis. The heated Vinet brand pool, equipped with a rigid motorized cover, adds significant appeal to this property. Two garden sheds.The environment, both bucolic and residential, is just 5 minutes from the shops of Vigneux-de-Bretagne and Sautron, allowing for a balance between green living and urban accessibility, with a bus just a few steps away to reach schools and amenities leading to the Nantes train station safely. The center of Nantes is 25 minutes by car, and the nearest beaches are about 35 minutes away.An elegant and bright property, with a pronounced contemporary architecture, ideal for buyers seeking a privileged living environment on the outskirts of Nantes, and of course for golf enthusiasts.Agency fees are the responsibility of the buyer. Information on the risks to which this property is exposed is available on the Géorisques site: www.georisques.gouv.fr.For any additional information or to arrange a visit, contact Justine Goret Dutournier, Independent Advisor at L'Atelier Immobilier at 06 12 57 00 29.RSAC Nantes No. 914 094 347Instagram: @justine_latelier_immobilierThis description has been automatically translated from French.